FN ISI Export Format

VR 1.0

PT J

AU Hoeger, SJ

Shaw, G

Hitzfeld, BC

Dietrich, DR

TI Occurrence and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in two Australian drinking water treatment plants

SO TOXICON

DT Article

AB In Australian freshwaters, Anabaena circinalis, Microcystis spp. and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the dominant toxic cyanobacteria. Many of these Surface waters are used as drinking water resources. Therefore, the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia set a guideline for MC-LR toxicity equivalents of 1.3 mug/l drinking, water. However, due to lack of adequate data, no guideline values for paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) (e.g. saxitoxins) or cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been set. In this spot check. the concentration of microcystins (MCs), PSPs and CYN were determined by ADDA-ELISA, cPPA, HPLC-DAD and/or HPLC-MS/MS, respectively, in two water treatment plants in Queensland/Australia and compared to phytoplankton data collected by Queensland Health, Brisbane. Depending on the predominant cyanobacterial species in a bloom, concentrations of up to 8.0, 17.0 and 1.3 mug/l were found for MCs, PSPs and CYN, respectively. However, only traces (< 1.0 mug/l) of these toxins were detected in final water (final product of the drinking water treatment plant) and tap water (household sample). Despite the low concentrations of toxins detected in drinking water, a further reduction of cyanobacterial toxins is recommended to guarantee public safety. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PY 2004

PD MAY

VL 43

IS 6

BP 639

EP 649

PG 11

UT ISI:000221371500003

PT J

AU Dell'Aversano, C

Eaglesham, GK

Quilliam, MA

TI Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A

DT Article

AB The combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) has been investigated as a tool for the analysis of assorted toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Toxins examined included saxitoxin and its various analogues (1-18), antitoxin-a (ATX-a, 19), cylindrospermopsin (CYN, 20), deoxycylindrospermopsin (doCYN, 21), and microcystins-LR (22) and -RR (23). The saxitoxins could be unequivocally detected in one isocratic analysis using a TSK gel Amide-80 column eluted with 65% B, where eluent A is water and B is a 95% acetonitrile/water solution, both containing 2.0 mM ammonium formate and 3.6 mM formic acid. The analysis of ATX-a, CYN and doCYN required 75% B isocratic. Simultaneous determination of 1-21 was also possible by using gradient elution. HILIC proved to be suitable for the analysis of microcystins, but peak shape was not symmetric and it was concluded that these compounds are best analysed using existing reversed-phase methods. The HILIC-MS method was applied to the analysis of field and cultured samples of Anabaena circinalis and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. In general, the method proved quite robust with similar results obtained in two different laboratories using different instrumentation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PY 2004

PD FEB 27

VL 1028

IS 1

BP 155

EP 164

PG 10

UT ISI:000188499000010

PT J

AU Nicholson, BC

Shaw, GR

Morrall, J

Senogles, PJ

Woods, TA

Papageorgiou, J

Kapralos, C

Wickramasinghe, W

Davis, BC

Eaglesham, GK

Moore, MR

TI Chlorination for degrading saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisons) in water

SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

DT Article

AB Chlorination was investigated as a treatment option for degrading and thus removing saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisons, PSPs) produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from water. It was found to be effective with the order of ease of degradation of the saxitoxins being GTX5 (B1) similar to dcSTX > STX > GTX3 similar to C2 > C1 > GTX2. However the effectiveness of chlorine was pH dependent. Degradation as a function of pH was not linear with the degree of degradation increasing rapidly at around pH 7.5. At pH 9 > 90% removal was possible provided a residual of 0.5 mg l(-1) free chlorine was present after 30 min contact time. The more effective degradation at higher pH was unexpected as chlorine is known to be a weaker oxidant under these conditions. The more effective degradation, then, must be due to the toxins, which are ionisable molecules, being present in a form at higher pH which is more susceptible to oxidation. The feasibility of using chlorine to remove saxitoxins during water treatment will therefore depend strongly on the pH of the water being chlorinated. Degradation may be improved by pH adjustment but may not be a practical solution. Although saxitoxins were degraded in that the parent compounds were not detected by chemical analysis, there is no indication as to the nature of the degradation products. However, acute toxicity as determined by the mouse bioassay was eliminated.

PY 2003

PD NOV

VL 24

IS 11

BP 1341

EP 1348

PG 8

UT ISI:000187428200003

PT J

AU Senogles-Derham, PJ

Seawright, A

Shaw, G

Wickramisingh, W

Shahin, M

TI Toxicological aspects of treatment to remove cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse model

SO TOXICON

DT Article

AB The presence of toxic cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs renders the need to develop treatment methods for the 'safe' removal of their associated toxins. Chlorine has been shown to successfully remove a range of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins. Each cyanotoxin requires specific treatment parameters, particularly solution pH and free chlorine residual. However, currently there has not been any investigation into the toxicological effect of solutions treated for the removal of these cyanotoxins by chlorine. Using the P53(def) transgenic mouse model mate and female C57BL/6J hybrid mice were used to investigate potential cancer inducing effects from such oral dosing solutions. Both purified cyanotoxins and toxic cell-free extract cyanobacterial solutions were chlorinated and administered over 90 and 170 days (respectively) in drinking water. No increase in cancer was found in any treatment. The parent cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins were readily removed by chlorine. There was no significant increase in the disinfection byproducts trihalomethanes or haloacetic acids, levels found were well below guideline values. Histological examination identified no effect of treatment solutions except male mice treated with chlorinated cylindrospermopsin (as a cell free extract). In this instance 40% of males were found to have fatty vacuolation in their livers, cause unknown. It is recommended that further toxicology be undertaken on chlorinated cyanobacterial solutions, particularly for non-genotoxic carcinogenic compounds, for example the Tg. AC transgenic mouse model. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

PY 2003

PD JUN

VL 41

IS 8

BP 979

EP 988

PG 10

UT ISI:000184568100007

PT J

AU Pietsch, J

Bornmann, K

Schmidt, W

TI Relevance of intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins for drinking water treatment

SO ACTA HYDROCHIMICA ET HYDROBIOLOGICA

DT Article

AB Bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been observed in eutrophic waterbodies including drinking water reservoirs all over the world. In this connection investigations about the relevance of intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins for drinking water treatment were carried out in laboratory- and pilot-scale experiments. An algae growth phase depended toxin release from cyanobacteria was obtained naturally caused from cultured cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and in a eutrophic reservoir containing Planktothrix rubescens. Results from laboratory-scale tests using cultivated cyanobacteria and pilot-scale experiments at a eutrophic reservoir underline the induced toxin release during conventional water treatment. Additional to the known toxin release using pre-oxidation, it was obtained the first time that the application of flocculation/filtration also effects in toxin release under the conditions investigated, possibly caused by turbulences in pipes and pressure gradients in filters.

PY 2002

PD JUN

VL 30

IS 1

BP 7

EP 15

PG 9

UT ISI:000176769700001

PT J

AU Baker, PD

Steffensen, DA

Humpage, AR

Nicholson, BC

Falconer, IR

Lanthois, B

Fergusson, KM

Saint, CP

TI Preliminary evidence of toxicity associated with the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium in South Australia

SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

DT Article

AB In April 2000, the water supply for Yorke Peninsula in South Australia was deemed nonpotable when extracts from a proliferation of the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium aff. formosum in Upper Paskeville Reservoir were found to be lethally toxic by intraperitoneal injection into mice (400 mg kg(-1)). Routine water quality monitoring had failed to detect the development of the Phormidium until complaints of musty taste and odour, attributable to the production of 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB), were received from the consumers. The 185 ML open-balancing storage, receiving filtered and chloraminated water from the River Murray, was isolated from the drinking water supply and a health alert was issued to approximately 15,000 consumers. The identity of the toxin(s) is thus far unknown, but clinical symptoms of toxicity in mice and chemical characteristics are distinct from the known major cyanotoxins. Preliminary characterisation of this toxin indicates that it has low solubility in water and organic solvents and is strongly associated with the particulate cellular material of the filaments. Toxicity of extracts was diminished by boiling and by treatment with chlorine, but not by chloramines. Further testing of floating cyanobacterial mats in the Torrens Lake in the city of Adelaide (Phormidium aff. formosum) and Myponga Reservoir (Phormidium aff. amoenum) in 2000/2001 was also found to be toxic by mouse bioassay. Toxicity is yet to be confirmed in monospecific cultured strains and further studies are required to identify the toxin and assess its health significance. Genetic characterisation of isolates has commenced in an attempt to classify their relatedness and to assist in the rapid identification of potentially toxic strains. (C) 2001 by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

PY 2001

PD DEC

VL 16

IS 6

SI Sp. Iss. SI

BP 506

EP 511

PG 6

UT ISI:000172521600009

PT J

AU Senogles, P

Shaw, G

Smith, M

Norris, R

Chiswell, R

Mueller, J

Sadler, R

Eaglesham, G

TI Degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by chlorination

SO TOXICON

DT Article

AB Cylindrospermopsin, a potent cyanobacterial toxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria, is regularly found in water supplies of Queensland, Australia. This study focussed on the effectiveness of chlorination as a water treatment procedure for cylindrospermopsin degradation. The results demonstrate that relatively low chlorine doses (<1 mg l(-1)) are sufficient for degradation of cylindrospermopsin, when the dissolved organic carbon content is low. However, if organic matter other than cylindrospermopsin is present in the solution, the effectiveness of chlorine for cylindrospermopsin degradation is reduced as other organic matter present consumes chlorine. Under the experimental conditions using samples with a solution pH of 6-9, a residual chlorine concentration of 0.5 mg l(-1) was sufficient to degrade >99% of cylindrospermopsin. Toxin degradation via chlorination occurs within the first minute and no difference was observable between degradation in an open system and in a closed system. With a decrease of the pH from 6 to 4 a reduction in the efficiency of chlorine for degradation of cylindrospermopsin was observable, a possible indication that cylindrospermopsin is more stable to chlorine degradation at lower pH. However, in normal water treatment this is not relevant since the pH is consistently higher than 6, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

PY 2000

PD SEP

VL 38

IS 9

BP 1203

EP 1213

PG 11

UT ISI:000086703200003

PT J

AU Steffensen, D

Burch, M

Nicholson, B

Drikas, M

Baker, P

TI Management of toxic Blue-Green algae (cyanobacteria) in Australia

SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

DT Article

AB Blue-Green algae (cyanobacteria) have long been recognized as a source of objectionable taste and odors in drinking water. In recent years, there has been increasing concern regarding toxic metabolites produced by some species. The species of most concern in Australia are Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena, which produce hepatotoxic peptides, Anabaena circinalis, which produces the same neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, which produces an alkaloid toxin associated with liver and kidney damage. There is also some concern that lipopolysaccharides, which may be produced by a number of blue-green algae, may be involved in human illness. Management strategies for water supplies should include measures in the catchments, source waters, and the distribution systems. An ability to monitor the organisms and their toxins in the source waters and the distribution systems is essential to determine the need for control measures and to determine their effectiveness. This article discusses the management approaches currently used in Australia and the areas of potential future development. (C) 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PY 1999

PD FEB

VL 14

IS 1

BP 183

EP 195

PG 13

UT ISI:000079158700024

PT J

AU Sukenik, A

Rosin, C

Porat, R

Teltsch, B

Banker, R

Carmeli, S

TI Toxins from cyanobacteria and their potential impact on water quality of Lake Kinneret, Israel

SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES

DT Article

AB A number of different species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins of several different types. Cyanobacterial blooms present a serious health concern when they occur in water bodies that supply potable water. Lake Kinneret, the major water source in Israel, was characterized for many years by relatively stable phytoplankton populations which fluctuated with the seasons in a quite predictable manner. An exceptional bloom of the filamentous cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, which produces hepatotoxin, was observed for the first time in Lake Kinneret during the fall of 1994. Cylindrospermopsin, a toxin produced by A. ovalisporum, was purified and chemically characterized. The potential implications of cylindrospermopsin-producing A. ovalisporum bloom in Lake Kinneret on water quality is discussed, together with a general description of cyanobacterial toxins and their occurrence in natural waters.

PY 1998

VL 46

IS 2

BP 109

EP 115

PG 7

UT ISI:000075969100007