NEURO 2006 / PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <628>
Database Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R)
Unique Identifier 16893471
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE
Authors Poon CS. Young DL.
Authors Full Name Poon, Chi-Sang. Young, Daniel L.
Institution
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Title
Nonassociative learning as gated neural integrator and differentiator in stimulus-response pathways.
Source
Behavioral & Brain Functions [Electronic Resource]: BBF. 2:29, 2006.
Journal Name
Behavioral & Brain Functions [Electronic Resource]: BBF
Other ID
Source: NLM. PMC1578596
Country of Publication
England
Abstract
Nonassociative learning is a basic neuroadaptive behavior exhibited across animal phyla and sensory modalities but its role in brain intelligence is unclear. Current literature on habituation and sensitization, the classic "dual process" of nonassociative learning, gives highly incongruous accounts between varying experimental paradigms. Here we propose a general theory of nonassociative learning featuring four base modes: habituation/primary sensitization in primary stimulus-response pathways, and desensitization/secondary sensitization in secondary stimulus-response pathways. Primary and secondary modes of nonassociative learning are distinguished by corresponding activity-dependent recall, or nonassociative gating, of neurotransmission memory. From the perspective of brain computation, nonassociative learning is a form of integral-differential calculus whereas nonassociative gating is a form of Boolean logic operator--both dynamically transforming the stimulus-response relationship. From the perspective of sensory integration, nonassociative gating provides temporal filtering whereas nonassociative learning affords low-pass, high-pass or band-pass/band-stop frequency filtering--effectively creating an intelligent sensory firewall that screens all stimuli for attention and resultant internal model adaptation and reaction. This unified framework ties together many salient characteristics of nonassociative learning and nonassociative gating and suggests a common kernel that correlates with a wide variety of sensorimotor integration behaviors such as central resetting and self-organization of sensory inputs, fail-safe sensorimotor compensation, integral-differential and gated modulation of sensorimotor feedbacks, alarm reaction, novelty detection and selective attention, as well as a variety of mental and neurological disorders such as sensorimotor instability, attention deficit hyperactivity, sensory defensiveness, autism, nonassociative fear and anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction and craving, pain sensitization and phantom sensations, etc.
Publication Type Journal Article.
Date of Publication 2006
Year of Publication 2006
Volume 2
Page 29
PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <922>
Database Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R)
Unique Identifier 16707354
Status MEDLINE
Authors Olmstead MC.
Authors Full Name Olmstead, Mary C.
Institution
Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Title
Animal models of drug addiction: Where do we go from here? [Review] [259 refs]
Source
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 59(4):625-53, 2006 Apr.
Journal Name
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Country of Publication
England
Abstract
Compulsion and impulsivity are both primary features of drug addiction. Based on decades of animal research, we have a detailed understanding of the factors (both environmental and physiological) that influence compulsive drug use, but still know relatively little about the impulsive aspects of drug addiction. This review outlines our current knowledge of the relationship between impulsivity and drug addiction, focusing on cognitive and motor impulsivity, which are particularly relevant to this disorder. Topics to be discussed include the influence of chronic drug administration on impulsivity, the mechanisms that may explain drug-induced impulsivity, and the role of individual differences in the development of impulsive drug use. In addition, the manner in which contemporary theories of drug addiction conceptualize the relationship between impulsivity and compulsion is examined. Most importantly, this review emphasizes a critical role for animal research in understanding the role of impulsivity in the development and maintenance of drug addiction. [References: 259]
ISSN Print 1747-0218
Publication Type Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
Date of Publication 2006 Apr
Year of Publication 2006
Issue/Part 4
Volume 59
Page 625-53
PSYCHOLOGY (A) 2006 <399>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007221712
Authors Sanchis-Segura C. Spanagel R.
Institution
(Sanchis-Segura, Spanagel) Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany.
(Sanchis-Segura) Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: An overview.
Source
Addiction Biology. 11(1)(pp 2-38), 2006. Date of Publication: Mar 2006.
Abstract
Some psychoactive drugs are abused because of their ability to act as reinforcers. As a consequence behavioural patterns (such as drug-seeking/drug- taking behaviours) are promoted that ensure further drug consumption. After prolonged drug self-administration, some individuals lose control over their behaviour so that these drug-seeking/taking behaviours become compulsive, pervading almost all life activities and precipitating the loss of social compatibility. Thus, the syndrome of addictive behaviour is qualitatively different from controlled drug consumption. Drug-induced reinforcement can be assessed directly in laboratory animals by either operant or non-operant self-administration methods, by classical conditioning-based paradigms such as conditioned place preference or sign tracking, by facilitation of intracranial electric self-stimulation, or, alternatively by drug-induced memory enhancement. In contrast, addiction cannot be modelled in animals, at least as a whole, within the constraints of the laboratory. However, various procedures have been proposed as possible rodent analogues of addiction's major elements including compulsive drug seeking, relapse, loss of control/impulsivity, and continued drug consumption despite negative consequences. This review provides an extensive overview and a critical evaluation of the methods currently used for studying drug-induced reinforcement as well as specific features of addictive behaviour. In addition, comic strips that illustrate behavioural methods used in the drug abuse field are provided given for free download under http://www.zi-mannheim/psychopharmacology.de copyright 2006 The Authors.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 11
Issue Part 1
Page 2-38
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication Mar 2006
PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <457>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006596522
Authors Wanigaratne S.
Institution
(Wanigaratne) King's College, UK. He has worked in the field of addictions for over 15 years and has a particular interest in cogn, the British Psychological Society's Special Interest Group in Addictions, London,
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Psychology of addiction.
Source
Psychiatry. 5(12)(pp 455-460), 2006. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2006.
Abstract
Psychology as a discipline has played a major part in both addiction research and treatment. It is a key player in the multidisciplinary approach that the 'biopsychosocial' conceptualization demands. Applied psychology in the area of addictions can be categorized into the following broad areas: learning theory-based; psychodynamic; and transtheoretical approaches. Brief outlines of the popular models are presented in this contribution. Significant recent developments in psychology of addictions are the Dynamic Model of Relapse from the learning theory area and the PRIME theory of motivation from the transtheoretical area. Both these developments are departures from the linear two-dimensional perspective that has been characteristic of existing models, to multidimensional non-linear models, and they utilize theories such as chaos theory and catastrophe theory in the modelling process. Explanations and predictions based on these approaches are similar to those used in explaining and predicting complex phenomena such as weather patterns. Since both these developments are new they are yet to be tested in the field. The comprehensive nature of the models holds a lot of promise for the greater understanding of addiction and for the development of effective interventions. copyright 2006.
ISSN 1476-1793
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Psychiatry
Volume 5
Issue Part 12
Page 455-460
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication 01 Dec 2006
PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <492>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006521279
Authors Weinstein A. Cox W.M.
Institution
(Weinstein) Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
(Cox) School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom.
(Weinstein) Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Cognitive processing of drug-related stimuli: The role of memory and attention.
Source
Journal of Psychopharmacology. 20(6)(pp 850-859), 2006. Date of Publication: Nov 2006.
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated the role of attentional biases and memory in alcohol and other drugs of dependence and the relationship between the motivation to use alcohol or other drugs and vigilance for relevant stimuli in alcohol and drug dependence. Based on this research, we describe relationships among motivation, memory, and attentional biases in order to enable better understanding of their multiple and interacting roles in the maintenance and development of alcohol and other drug dependence. We argue that memory and attentional processes are critical in the development and maintenance of addiction processes. Furthermore, we assume that attentional bias is not simply a by-product of an addiction disorder but plays a vital role in its development and maintenance, and it serves to enhance actual drug use. Finally, we predict that the motivation to use alcohol or other drugs will increase vigilance for substance-related stimuli, which in turn can lead to actual use. Future research is needed to fill gaps in our knowledge and lead to a more defined and articulated cognitive-behavioural model of drug dependence. copyright 2006 British Association for Psychopharmacology.
ISSN 0269-8811
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal NameJournal of Psychopharmacology
Volume 20
Issue Part 6
Page 850-859
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication Nov 2006
PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <522>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006486830
Authors Poon C.-S. Young D.L.
Institution
(Poon, Young) Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
(Young) Entelos Inc., 110 Marsh Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Nonassociative learning as gated neural integrator and differentiator in stimulus-response pathways.
Source
Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2, 2006. Article Number: 29. Date of Publication: 08 Aug 2006.
Abstract
Nonassociative learning is a basic neuroadaptive behavior exhibited across animal phyla and sensory modalities but its role in brain intelligence is unclear. Current literature on habituation and sensitization, the classic "dual process" of nonassociative learning, gives highly incongruous accounts between varying experimental paradigms. Here we propose a general theory of nonassociative learning featuring four base modes: habituation/primary sensitization in primary stimulus-response pathways, and desensitization/secondary sensitization in secondary stimulus-response pathways. Primary and secondary modes of nonassociative learning are distinguished by corresponding activity-dependent recall, or nonassociative gating, of neurotransmission memory. From the perspective of brain computation, nonassociative learning is a form of integral-differential calculus whereas nonassociative gating is a form of Boolean logic operator - both dynamically transforming the stimulus-response relationship. From the perspective of sensory integration, nonassociative gating provides temporal filtering whereas nonassociative learning affords low-pass, high-pass or band-pass/band-stop frequency filtering - effectively creating an intelligent sensory firewall that screens all stimuli for attention and resultant internal model adaptation and reaction. This unified framework ties together many salient characteristics of nonassociative learning and nonassociative gating and suggests a common kernel that correlates with a wide variety of sensorimotor integration behaviors such as central resetting and self-organization of sensory inputs, fail-safe sensorimotor compensation, integral-differential and gated modulation of sensorimotor feedbacks, alarm reaction, novelty detection and selective attention, as well as a variety of mental and neurological disorders such as sensorimotor instability, attention deficit hyperactivity, sensory defensiveness, autism, nonassociative fear and anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction and craving, pain sensitization and phantom sensations, etc. copyright 2006 Poon and Young; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN 1744-9081
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Behavioral and Brain Functions
Volume 2
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication 08 Aug 2006
PSYCHOLOGY 2006 <523>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006486809
Authors Resnicow K. Vaughan R.
Institution
(Resnicow) University of Michigan, Department of Health Education and Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
(Vaughan) Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
A chaotic view of behavior change: A quantum leap for health promotion.
Source
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 3, 2006. Article Number: 25. Date of Publication: 12 Sep 2006.
Abstract
Background: The study of health behavior change, including nutrition and physical activity behaviors, has been rooted in a cognitive-rational paradigm. Change is conceptualized as a linear, deterministic process where individuals weigh pros and cons, and at the point at which the benefits outweigh the cost change occurs. Consistent with this paradigm, the associated statistical models have almost exclusively assumed a linear relationship between psychosocial predictors and behavior. Such a perspective however, fails to account for non-linear, quantum influences on human thought and action. Consider why after years of false starts and failed attempts, a person succeeds at increasing their physical activity, eating healthier or losing weight. Or, why after years of success a person relapses. This paper discusses a competing view of health behavior change that was presented at the 2006 annual ISBNPA meeting in Boston. Discussion: Rather than viewing behavior change from a linear perspective it can be viewed as a quantum event that can be understood through the lens of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems. Key principles of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems relevant to understanding health behavior change include: 1) Chaotic systems can be mathematically modeled but are nearly impossible to predict; 2) Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions; 3) Complex Systems involve multiple component parts that interact in a nonlinear fashion; and 4) The results of Complex Systems are often greater than the sum of their parts. Accordingly, small changes in knowledge, attitude, efficacy, etc may dramatically alter motivation and behavioral outcomes. And the interaction of such variables can yield almost infinite potential patterns of motivation and behavior change. In the linear paradigm unaccounted for variance is generally relegated to the catch all "error" term, when in fact such "error" may represent the chaotic component of the process. The linear and chaotic paradigms are however, not mutually exclusive, as behavior change may include both chaotic and cognitive processes. Studies of addiction suggest that many decisions to change are quantum rather than planned events; motivation arrives as opposed to being planned. Moreover, changes made through quantum processes appear more enduring than those that involve more rational, planned processes. How such processes may apply to nutrition and physical activity behavior and related interventions merits examination. copyright 2006 Resnicow and Vaughan; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.