Unit 3 Roles of United States Foreign Policy
Part 1: The way Nations cooperate with international organizations politically and economically
Trade relations
•When two or more countries establish a trade relation, they are agreeing to keep tariffs low on goods from that country
•A Tariff is a tax on goods that are exported or imported
•Exported is the sale of goods to a foreign country
•Imported is the purchase of foreign manufactured goods in the buyer's domestic market.
Treaties
•A formal agreement between governments.
•Treaties have the same power as law in most countries
•In the United States, the President and the executive branch play a big role in getting treaties done but they must be ratified by the legislative branch to have the power of law
Treaties: political
•Treaties that revolve around political issues
•Transferring land
• ex. The sale of Alaska or Louisiana
Treaties: Economic
•Treaties that revolve around economic issues
•Can include things like agreements on fisheries or petroleum access off the coast of two nearby nations
•Trade agreements
•Navigation of water
Treaties: Military
•Treaties that revolve around military matters
•Defense treaties:
•Countries agree to come to each other’s aid if one of the other countries is attacked
•Military treaties can also deal with troop and equipment movements through a country or stored in a country
Alliances
•Aform of military treaty where the nations agree to aid each other in times of war
•Alliances is what caused World War I to become a world war, rather than a war between two nations
International Organizations
•Organizationwith aninternationalmembership, scope, or presence.
•There are two main types
•International nongovernmental organizations - non-governmental organizations.
•These include internationalnon-profit organizationsand worldwide companies such as theWorld Organization of the Scout Movement,International Committee of the Red CrossandMédecins Sans Frontières.
•Intergovernmental organizations - made up ofsovereign states(referred to asmember states).
•Notable examples include theUnited Nations(UN),Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE),Council of Europe(COE), andWorld Trade Organization(WTO)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
•Also called theNorth Atlantic Alliance
•military alliancebased on theNorth Atlantic Treatywhich was signed on 4April 1949. The organization constitutes a system ofcollective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
•The course of theCold Warled to a rivalry with nations of theWarsaw Pact
•After September 11 NATO sent soldiers in to Afghanistan to support the US Mission there
•Often criticized for being slow to react
European Union (EU)
•Is apolitico-economic unionof28 member statesthat are located primarily inEurope.
•The EU has developedan internal single marketthrough a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states.
•Policies aim to ensure thefree movement of people, goods, services, and capitalwithin the internal market and maintain common policies on trade,agriculture,fisheries, andregional development.
•Passportcontrols have been abolished.
•A monetary unionwas established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and uses theeurocurrency.
United Nations (UN)
•Is anintergovernmental organizationto promote international co-operation
•A replacement for the ineffectiveLeague of Nations
•Was created afterWorld War IIin order to prevent another such conflict
•At its founding, the UN had 51member states; there are now 193
•Theheadquarters of the United Nationsis inManhattan,New York City.
•The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states
•Its objectives include:
•maintaining international peace and security
•promoting human rights
•fostering social and economic development
•protecting the environment
•providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.
Organization of Petroleum exporting Countries (OPEC)
•Is anintergovernmental organizationof 14 nations
•Founded in 1960 inBaghdadby the first five members
•Headquartered since 1965 inVienna.
•As of 2015, the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 43 percent ofglobal oil productionand 73 percent ofthe world's "proven" oil reserves
•Mission is
•to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries
•Ensure the stabilization of oil markets
•Secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers
•Steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.
North American Free trade agreement (NAFTA)
•Is an agreement signed byCanada,Mexico, and theUnited States, creating a trilateraltrade blocinNorth America.
•Fill in the chart below with your own thoughts and ideas
Part 2 The United States relationship with other nations
Foreign Policy
•Also calledforeign relationsorforeign affairs-policy
•Consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within itsinternational relations
•This is how one nation deals with other nations
Trade Embargoes
•One of the United States strongest weapons in foreign policy is the trade embargo
•This is when one nation refuses to do business or trade with another nation to force the embargoed nation to comply with some predetermined action.
United States role as peacekeeper
•One of the roles of the United States in the UN is providing peacekeeper forces.
•These are soldiers that are sent in to other countries to maintain peace and order
•Sometimes they do this by acting with or in places of local law enforcement
•Other times it is to rebuild after a disaster.
•Usually this is done to help spread democracy
Truman Doctrine
•Became a central principle of US foreign policy after the expansion of communism after WWII.
•Truman Doctrine: policy of US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”
•Addressed the issue of communist expansion by pledging assistance to countries resisting communist expansion
•$400 million sent to aid Turkey and Greece
United states boarder Policy
•Primary mission is preventing terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States
•The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is also responsible for apprehending individuals attempting to enter the United States illegally
•including those with acriminal record
•Stemming the flow of illegal drugs and othercontraband
•Protecting United States agricultural and economic interests
•Protecting American businesses fromintellectual property theft