Chapter 16 Reading Guide Bentley

Chapter 16 Reading Guide Bentley

(1)“From the mid fourth to mid fifth century C.E. ______rulers resisted the pressures and preserved order throughout much of the Indian subcontinent. Beginning in 451 C.E., however, ______from central Asia invaded India and disrupted ______administration. By the mid sixth century the ______state had collapsed, and effective political authority quickly developed devolved to ______local allies of the Guptas, and independent ______power brokers. From the end of the Gupta dynasty until the 16th century, when a Turkish people known as the ______extended their authority and their empire to most of the subcontinent, ______remained a politically ______land.” In a sentence, summarize what this quotes means.

(2)Describe the different paths of northern and southern India after the fall of the the Gupa Empire.

(3)Who temporarily restored unified rule in northern India during the first half of the 17th century? What were his religious beliefs? Describe three specific things he did that show his generosity of spirit.

(4)What factors led to the eventual collapse of Harsha’s kingdom?

(5)On a map of India, label, the Hindu Kush, Afghanistan, the Punjab, the Himalayas, the IndusRiver, the GangesRiver, Sind, the Deccan Plateau, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, Ceylon, and Ghazni., Color in purple the area which made of Harsha’s kingdom in 640 C.E. Put on a key.

(6)When did Islam first enter India? By what means? “In 711…a well-organized expedition conquered ______, the IndusRiver valley in northwestern ______, and incorporated it as a province of the expanded Umayyad empire. At mid-century, along with most of the rest of the ______, Sind passed into the hands of the ______caliphs.” Label Sind on your map.

(7)Describe the political and cultural climate of Sind during this time.

(8)“Arab and Persian mariners had visited Indian ports for centuries before ______, and their Muslim descendants dominated trade and transportation networks between India and western lands from the seventh through the fifteenth centuries.” Discuss two specific results of Muslim merchants on Indian culture.

(9)What was the third route by which Islam entered India?

(10)Who was Mahmud of Ghazni? How was he able to annex states in NW India and the Punjab? In what was he interested? What were the results of his involvement in India? Give two examples.

(11)What did Mahmud’s successors do in the early thirteenth century? What was this new Islamic state called? What was the name of the capital? Be sure to place it on your map. How long did they rule? Where was this new state located in India?

(12) Even though the sultans of Delhi ranked among the most powerful in the Islamic world, they did not extend their authority far beyond Dehli? Why is that? Give specific reasons.

(13)How were the Hindu kingdoms of southern India different during this time? Give specific examples to support your answer.

(14)“While many ______states organized affairs in local jurisdictions, two kingdoms expanded enough to exercise at least nominal rule over much of southern ______. The first was the ______kingdom, situated in the deep south, which ruled the Coromandel coast for more than four centuries from ______to ______C.E.? Describe the Chola state. Use diagonals to indicate the Chola state on your map Put on your key.

(15)What was the name of the second state that dominated much of southern India? Use yellow to shade in this area on your map. Put on your key. Who established this kingdom? How were they able to establish themselves as independent rulers? What did this do for relationships between Hindus and Muslims living in southern India?

(16)“As in northern India, then, political division and conflict between states in southern India characterized its political history in ______times. India did not generate the sort of large scale, ______, imperial state the guided the fortunes of postclassical societies in the eastern Mediterranean, southwest Asia or ______. States like the ______in northern India and the kingdoms of ______and ______in the south were not powerful enough to organize political life throughout the subcontinent. Nevertheless, on the basis of ______, common ______, and inherited cultural ______, a coherent and distinctive society flourished in ______India.”

(17)Look at the illustration carefully on page 418. What is the purpose of each domed area of the picture?

(18)“As in the Mediterranean, southwest Asia, and China, ______yields increased significantly in ______India, enabling large numbers of people to devote themselves to ______and ______rather than the production of ______. ______forged links between the various regions of the subcontinent and fostered ______development in southern India. Trade also created links between India and distant lands, as ______and ______transformed the Indian Ocean basin into a vast zone of ______and ______.”

(19)Compare the different approaches to agriculture that were used in northern and southern India. What climactic characteristics of each explain these differences in approach? Talk especially about the massive irrigation systems used by southern India.

(20)Discuss the impact of agricultural productivity on India’s population. Be specific in citing statistics.

(21)What major cities emerged as a result of the increase in population? Label these cities on your map.

(22)Look at the map on page 424. Label Africa, Persia, Arabia, China, Sumatra, MalukuIslands, and the Philippine Islands on your map. Also label all of the port cities of the Indian Ocean basin on your map.

(23)Read the two paragraphs on internal trade. Create symbols to represent each item and place their locations on your map. Then put the symbols and labels on your key.

(24)Discuss the roles of Hindu temples under Chola rulers. Give five characteristics of these temple communities.

(25)What brought about a dramatic surge in the volume and value of trade in the Indian Ocean basin during the postclassical period?

(26)Why was India a natural site for emporia and warehouses? Explain. Using the map on page 424 as a guide, indicate the trade routes of the Indian Ocean basin from 600 to 1600 C.E. Using red arrows also indicate the monsoon wind patterns on your map.

(27)“Because of their central location…______ports became the principal clearinghouses of trade in the ______basin, and they became remarkably cosmopolitan centers. ______, ______, M______, ______, and others who inhabited the Indian port cities did business with counterparts from all over the eastern hemisphere and swapped ______.....”

(28)Why did the establishment of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties in SW Asia and the Tang and Song dynasties in China, crease trade in the Indian Ocean? Be specific in citing examples in your answer.

(29)What did Indian artisans do in Postclassical times as a result of high demand for Indian products?

(30)What other specialized industries emerged in postclassical India during the postclassical period?

(31)In what way does the kingdom of Axum illustrate the potential of trade to support political and economic development? Cite examples in your answer.

(32)What was the impact of migrations on the caste system during the postclassical period? Be specific

(33)How did the caste system reflect changes in Indian society during the postclassical period?

(34)In what way did the caste system accommodate the social changes brought about by trade and economic development during the postclassical period?

(35)Explain why the caste system became securely established in southern India during the postclassical period.

(36)What happened to Jainism and Buddhism in India during the postclassical period? What happened to Islam and Hinduism during this period?

(37)Why did Buddhism decline during the postclassical period?

(38)In what way did Hinduism benefit from this decline?

(39)“Hindus embraced the new cults because they promised ______.” Read the description of the devotional cults on page 428. What aspects of devotional cults explain the spread of Hinduism in India during this time period?

(40)Where did Islam take root in India? Why didn’t the faith attract interest among Indians when it arrived in the subcontinent?

(41)What was the population of Indian Muslims in 1500 C.E.? What percentage of the Indian population did this make up?

(42)Why did some Indians adopt Islam?

(43)Who were the most effective agents of conversion to Islam in India?

(44)What was the bhakti movement? When did it emerge in India and what were the goals of this movement?

(45)“Although Indian ______rarely ventured into the region, S.E. Asian lands reflected the influence of Indian society, as ______introduced Hinduism, Buddhism, ______writings, and ______forms of political organization. Beginning about the 12th century, ______also found solid footing in SE Asia, as ______merchants, many of them Indians, established trading communities in the important ______cities of the region. During the next 500 years, ______attracted a sizable following and became a permanent features in much of ______.”

(46)Look at the map on page 433 and the map in the back of your book. What areas now occupy the region known as SE Asia?

(47)On your map of SE Asia, label the Bay of Bengal, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Strait of Melaka, the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Philippines, and the Pacific Ocean on your map.

(48)What specific aspects of Indian political structure did SE Asian states adopt?

(49)How did these states acquire Hinduism and Buddhism from Indian states? What aspects of Indian society did these SE Asian states NOT adopt?

(50)Where was Funan? What aspects of Indian culture did the ruling classes of Funan adopt? Give at least three.

(51)What kingdom has magnificent monuments that testify to the influence of Indian traditions in SE Asia? Where is this kingdom? Label on your map. What types of monuments did they construct?

(52)Who were the Khmers? How did they contribute to the adoption of Indian culture in Angkor? Be specific in citing examples. Give three.

(53)What eventually became of Angkor? Why? Who rediscovered the sites in the mid-19th century? What do the Angkor sites represent today?

(54)Look at the illustration on page 436. To whom is this temple dedicated? What aspect of Indian culture does this structure represent? How do you know?

(55)When did Muslim merchants arrived in SE Asia? To begin with, where was Islam most prominent? Explain specific influences that resulted in the adoption of Islam by many of the people of SE Asia.

(56)What was Melaka like in its early days? Find and label Melaka on your map. Describe Melaka in the 15th century.

(57)How did Melaka become a powerful state? How did Melaka become a predominantly Islamic state?