Artistic League Competition – Skate VictoriaSunday 13th April 2008

LEAGUE COMPETITION

Sunday 13thApril 2008

Gold League

FIGURES, FREESKATING,
PRECISION, DANCE

Venue:Dandenong & District Netball Stadium

Greaves Reserve

Bennet Street

Dandenong3175

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS AND TIMETABLE LISTED

IS INDICATIVE AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE

ON THE DAY

NOTE

After the first event, all stated times are approximate.

Events may be called up to one hour before the stated time.

Read carefully the Regulations at the end of this Program.

Conducted with permission of Skate Victoria

Governance

Skate Victoria Artistic Committee Requirements – 2008

Skate Australia Inc. Requirements’ Committee, Australian Championship Requirements 2008

Skate Australia and Skate Victoria artistic skating rules and guidelines.

Membership

Membership with Skate Victoria / Australia for Artistic skating equates with skating levels.

Skater Membership Levels include:

  • Bronze membership (Skate Victoria membership)
  • Silver membership (Skate Victoria membership)
  • Gold Membership (equates to SA – Competitive Member)
  • Club Membership
  • All skaters, other than Bronze skaters, must be a member of a club
  • When the skater resides forty (40) kilometre radius or further from the nearest registered club they will be known as an “unattached” member of their membership level, eg Unattached Silver or Unattached Gold.

SPECIAL NOTE

When a skater chooses to skate different disciplines at different event levels the membership must reflect the higher event level.

A skater can only have one membership at any point in time regardless of their events

League Venue

  • Skate Victoria reserves the right to refuse entry as hirer of the venue.
  • By entering the League Competition facility, all persons agree to be bound by the following terms and conditions:
  • Persons entering consent to photographs being taken of them during their participation in Association activities and acknowledge that the photographs are owned by the Association which may use the name, image, likeness and performance of entrants in Association activities at any time, to promote the Association by any form of media.
  • Skate Victoria reserves the right to prohibit an individual of general photographing or videoing events at any time and anywhere within the competition venue.
  • Persons entering the facility are deemed to have voluntarily read the Skate Victoria Inc – Conditions of Entry, Bylaw Adopted September 20, 2005 and accept and assume the inherent risks in participating in the sport of Artistic, Speed, Inline Hockey or Roller Hockey.

Persons entering the facility agree that it is a condition of entry to the facility that the Association is absolved from all liability and claims however arising from injury or damage as a result of the entrant’s attendance at the facility and/or participation.

COMPETITION FEES

Unless stipulated in the requirements of a specific competition the 2006 competition fees will be, inclusive of GST, the following:

Gold Membership

Registration Fees$15.00 for the first skater in family

$12.00 for each subsequent skater in family

Nomination Fees$10.00 per the first event

$8.00 for the second and any subsequent events

PRECISION: Silver and Gold

Registration$10.00 per skater

The Precision Registration fee is waived when the skater has paid the Silver or Gold registration fee for other events in this competition.

Team Fee Precision$70.00

Team FeeMini Precision$50.00

SPECTATORS

Door Charge$5.00 per Adult

$3.00 Concession & students

(on presentation of an appropriate card)

$10.00 per Family

Free:Children under the age of 5 years

Volunteers who will be assisting at the competition. A list will be placed at the

door of each competition to indicate who these people are.

People presenting with a 2006 ‘Green’ pass, and minors/wards of holder

of the pass.

Presentation in the yellow or white “Official” t-shirt does not permit free entry.

Event Start Time / Event / Event Name / Warm Up
Panel A
7.45 am / Event 1A / Junior International Figures / 1
7.45 am / Event 2A / Senior International Figures / 1
8.25 am / Event 3A / Preliminary Figures / 2
Panel B
7.45 am / Event 1B / Masters Figures / 3
8.10 am / Event 2B / Juvenile Figures / 4
8.35 am / Event 3B / Cadet Figures / 5
8.35 am / Event 4B / Cadet Oceania Figures / 5
9.15am – Figures Presentation off Rink
9.15 am / Event 5 / Cadet - Solo / 6
9.30 am / Event 6 / Junior International - Solo / 7
9.30 am / Event 7 / Advanced - Solo / 7
9.55 am / Event 8 / In-Line - Creative / 8
9.55 am / Event 9 / Cadet - Creative / 8
10.15 am / Event 10 / Preliminary - Pairs OSP / 9
10.30am –Presentation off Rink
10.25 am / Event 11 / Senior International Freeskating - Short / 10
10.25 am / Event 12 / International In Line Freeskating - Short / 10
10.25 am / Event 13 / Junior International Freeskating - Short / 10
10.25 am / Event 14 / Open Short Routine / 10
10.55 am / Event 15 / Senior International - Solo / 11
11.10 am / Event 16 / Masters - Creative / 12
11.10 am / Event 17 / Preliminary - Solo Creative / 12
11.10 am / Event 18 / Intermediate - Creative / 12
11.10 am / Event 19 / Advanced - Creative / 12
11.45am –Presentation off Rink
11.45 am / Event 20 / Masters Precision / 13
11.45 am / Event 21 / Mini Precision / 13
12.05 pm / Event 22 / Preliminary - Solo / 14
12.20 pm / Event 23 / Intermediate - Solo / 15
12.40 pm / Event 24 / Intermediate Freeskating / 16
12.40 pm / Event 25 / Masters Freeskating / 16
12.40 pm / Event 26 / Advanced Freeskating / 16
1.10 pm / Event 27 / Juvenile Solo Dance / 17
1.10 pm / Event 28 / Cadet Solo - Oceania / 17
1.45pm – Presentation off Rink
1.40 pm / Event 29 / Senior International Freeskating - Long / 18
1.40 pm / Event 30 / International In Line Freeskating - Long / 18
1.40 pm / Event 31 / Junior International Freeskating - Long / 18
1.40 pm / Event 32 / Preliminary Freeskating / 18
2.30 pm / Event 33 / Cadet Freeskating / 19
2.30 pm / Event 34 / Juvenile Freeskating / 19
3.05 pm / Event 35 / Junior International - Solo Free Dance / 20
3.05 pm / Event 36 / Senior International - Solo Free Dance / 20
3.20 pm / Event 37 / Advanced Masters - Pairs / 21
3.35 pm / Event 38 / Masters - Solo / 22

3.45pm – Presentation off Rink

Sunday 13th April 2008

Doors Open 7.15am

7.25am – General Warmup

7.35am – Warmup Events 1A & 2A

7.45 am
Event 1A / JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL FIGURES / To be skated with Event 2A / 25mins
21a / RIF - LIB / Rocker
37b / LOB - RIB / Para Double Three
31a / ROIB - LIOB / Serpentine Loop
38b / LOF - RIF / Para Loop
40a / ROF - LOF / Para Bracket
1 / Stephanie Campbell / DeMe / RCB
1 ……………………….…….
7.45 am
Event 2A / SENIOR INTERNATIONAL FIGURES / To be skated with Event 1A / 15mins
Group 2
21b / LIF - RIB / Rocker
36a / ROF - LIF / Para Double Three
39b / LOB - RIB / Para Bracket
40a / ROF - LOF / Para Bracket
1 / Candace Harrison / MaHa / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
8.25 am
Event 3A / PRELIMINARY FIGURES / 50mins
Group 2
11b / LIF - RIF / Double Three
27a / RIOF - LIOB / Serpentine Three
14b / LOF - ROF / Loop
1 / Darcie Reich / EmRa / RCB / 4 / Jo Wilson / ShHa / CAR
2 / Kayla Hobson / ShHa / CAR / 5 / Lauren Purcell / SeRo / ELT
3 / Rebecca McKeown / SiRe / PARC / 6 / Elfie Schenker / MaHa / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….

9:15pm Presentations off the floor

Sunday 13th April 2008

7:15am Doors Open

7:25am– General Warmup

7:35am– Warmup Event 1B

7.45 am
Event 1B / MASTERS FIGURES / 25mins
Group 2
1a / ROIF - LOIF / Change Eight
2 / RIF - LIF / Circle Eight
5b / LOIF - RIOF / Serpentine
1 / Eileen Scott-Stokes / LiSi / CAR / 2 / Royston Kein / ShHa / CAR
Ladies:
1 ……………………….…….
Men:
1 ……………………….…….
8.10 am
Event 2B / JUVENILE FIGURES / 25mins
Group 2
8b / LOF - RIB / Three
11a / RIF - LIF / Double Three
14b / LOF - ROF / Loop
1 / Tina McLardie / ShHa / CAR / 2 / Sarah Butler / DeMe / RCB
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
8.35 am
Event 3B / CADET FIGURES / To be skated with Event 4B / 25mins
Group 2
12a / ROB - LOB / Double Three
22b / LOF - ROB / Counter
30a / ROIF - LIOF / Serpentine Loop
1 / Natasha Yole / SiRe / PARC / 2 / Rebekah Stubbs / ShHa / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
8.35 am
Event 4B / CADET OCEANIA FIGURES / To be skated with Event 3B / 10mins
Group 2
12a / ROB - LOB / Double Three
22b / LOF - ROB / Counter
30a / ROIF - LIOF / Serpentine Loop
1 / Tiffany Mestrinho / DeMe / RCB
1 ……………………….…….

9:15am Presentations off the floor

9.15 am
Event 5 / CADET - SOLO / 15mins
Siesta Tango / 100 / Tango
Delicado / 100 / Schottische
1 / Stephanie Roussis / SeRo / ELT
1 ……………………….…….
9.30 am
Event 6 / JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL - SOLO / 15mins
Rocker Foxtrot / 104 / Foxtrot
Flirtation Waltz / 120 / Waltz
1 / Megan Cash / MaHa/BrFr / LIL
9.30 am
Event 7 / ADVANCED - SOLO / 10mins
Rocker Foxtrot / 104 / Foxtrot
Windmill Waltz / 138 / Waltz
1 / Emma Cash / MaHa/BrFr / LIL
1 ……………………….…….
9.55 am
Event 8 / IN-LINE - CREATIVE / 10mins
Any rhythm / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Erin Simpson / LiSi / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
9.55 am
Event 9 / CADET - CREATIVE / 10mins
Swing Combination / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Rebekah Stubbs / ShHa / CAR / 3 / Courtney Wheeler / KiSS / CAR
2 / Sarah Bresnehan / ChTu / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
10.15 am
Event 10 / PRELIMINARY - PAIRS OSP / 10mins
Polka / 1min 50sec - / 2mins 40sec
1 / Andrew English / MaHa / CAR
Jayne Rose
1 ……………………….…….
10:30am Presentations off the floor
10.25 am
Event 11 / SENIOR INTERNATIONAL FREESKATING - SHORT / 10mins
2 minutes 15sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Purdy Rawlinson / JaSu / PARC / 2 / Sonja Schenker / RaYo / CAR
10.25 am
Event 12 / INTERNATIONAL IN LINE FREESKATING - SHORT / 5mins
2 minutes 15sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Kristen Slade / JaSu / CAR
10.25 am
Event 13 / JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL FREESKATING - SHORT / 10mins
2 minutes 15sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Stephanie Campbell / DeMe / RCB / 2 / Nathan Csizmadia / JaSu / PARC
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
10.25 am
Event 14 / OPEN SHORT ROUTINE / 10mins
2 minutes 15sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Veronique Kokonis / DeMe / RCB / 2 / Jessica Maloney / RaYo / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
10.55 am
Event 15 / SENIOR INTERNATIONAL - SOLO / 15mins
Italian Foxtrot / 96 / Foxtrot
Starlight Waltz / 168 / Waltz
1 / Candace Harrison / MaHa / CAR
11.10 am
Event 16 / MASTERS - CREATIVE / 10mins
Memories of a Grand Ball / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Elfie Schenker / MaHa / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
11.10 am
Event 17 / PRELIMINARY - SOLO CREATIVE / 10mins
Middle Eastern Theme / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Jo Wilson / ChTu / CAR / 3 / Amy Wood / ErSi / CAR
2 / Sheree Hobson / ShHa / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
11.10 am
Event 18 / INTERMEDIATE - CREATIVE / 10mins
Swing Combination / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Lauren Purcell / SeRo / ELT / 3 / Kim Scott Stokes / KiSS / CAR
2 / Laura Wirth / MaHa / LIL
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
11.10 am
Event 19 / ADVANCED - CREATIVE / 5mins
Latin Intensity / 1min 50sec - / 2min 40sec
1 / Erin Simpson / LiSi / CAR
1 ……………………….…….

11.45am – Presentation off Rink

11.45 am
Event 20 / MASTERS PRECISION / 10mins
3 minutes (+/- 10 secs)
1 / Pacemakers / LiSi/ErSi / CAR
Suzanne Blakey / Laura Hougaz / Tina Morgnethaler
Jenny Brockley / Debi Inglis / Eileen Scott-Stokes
Liz Coe / Jillienne Kerr / Lesley Sergovic
Stephen Hammond / Anthony Matthews / Erin Simpson
Catherine Higgins / Renate Medrano / Margaret Walker
1 ……………………….…….
11.45 am
Event 21 / MINI PRECISION / 10mins
up to 3 minutes
1 / La Sognatores / SoSc / CAR
Sara Berardo / Marlee Ryan / Bianca Sideras
Victoria Berardo / Rhiannon Schmidt / Monique Sideras
Rebecca Hopkins
1 ……………………….…….
12.05 pm
Event 22 / PRELIMINARY - SOLO / 15mins
Collegiate / 92 / Fox
Chase Waltz / 120 / Waltz
1 / Jo Wilson / ChTu / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
12.20 pm
Event 23 / INTERMEDIATE - SOLO / 20mins
Ten Fox / 100 / Foxtrot
Metropolitan Tango / 100 / Tango
1 / Laura Wirth / MaHa / LIL / 2 / Lauren Purcell / SeRo / ELT
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
12.40 pm
Event 24 / INTERMEDIATE FREESKATING / 20mins
3 minutes (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Lyndel Ross / SiRe / PARC / 3 / Alyce Atkins / SiRe / PARC
2 / Jessica Maloney / RaYo / CAR / 4 / Melanie Van Dyk / SiRe / PARC
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
12.40 pm
Event 25 / MASTERS FREESKATING / 5mins
2 minutes (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Rhiannon Schmidt / RaYo / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
12.40 pm
Event 26 / ADVANCED FREESKATING / 5mins
3 minutes 30 sec (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Kristen Stellar / RaYo / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
1.10 pm
Event 27 / JUVENILE SOLO DANCE / 20mins
Canasta Tango / 100 / Tango
Denver Shuffle / 100 / Polka
1 / Sarah Bresnehan / ChTu / CAR / 2 / Bettina Dyer / CaHa / RCB
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….
1.10 pm
Event 28 / CADET SOLO - OCEANIA / 10mins
Canasta Tango / 100 / Tango
Delicado / 100 / Schottische
1 / Courtney Wheeler / MaHa / CAR
1 ……………………….…….

1.45pm – Presentation off Rink

1.40 pm
Event 29 / SENIOR INTERNATIONAL FREESKATING - LONG / 15mins
4 minutes (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Sonja Schenker / RaYo / CAR / 2 / Purdy Rawlinson / JaSu / PARC
1 ……………………….…….
1.40 pm
Event 30 / INTERNATIONAL IN LINE FREESKATING - LONG / 5mins
3 minutes 30 sec (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Kristen Slade / JaSu / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
1.40 pm
Event 31 / JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL FREESKATING - LONG / 15mins
4 minutes (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Stephanie Campbell / DeMe / RCB / 2 / Nathan Csizmadia / JaSu / PARC
1 ……………………….…….
1.40 pm
Event 32 / PRELIMINARY FREESKATING / 15mins
2 minutes 30sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Rijana Gray / SiRe/MeVa / PARC / 3 / Ashlee Vella / SiRe / Parc
2 / Alisha Bowen / DeMe / RCB / 4 / Victoria Parella / SiRe/PuRa / PARC
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
2.30 pm
Event 33 / CADET FREESKATING / 20mins
2 minutes 30sec - 3 minutes (+/- 10 sec)
1 / Tracey King / RaYo / CAR / 3 / Veronique Kokonis / DeMe / RCB
2 / Olivia Harvey / SiRe / PARC
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
2.30 pm
Event 34 / JUVENILE FREESKATING / 15mins
2 minutes 30sec (+/- 5 sec)
1 / Alexandra Templar / RaYo / CAR / 3 / Sarah Butler / DeMe / RCB
2 / Billy (M) Rawnsley / PuRa / PARC
1 ……………………….……. 2 ……………………….……. 3 ……………………….…….
3.05 pm
Event 35 / JUNIOR INTERNATIONAL - SOLO FREE DANCE / 10mins
2mins 30sec +/- 10secs
1 / Megan Cash / MaHa/BrFr / LIL
1 ……………………….…….
3.05 pm
Event 36 / SENIOR INTERNATIONAL - SOLO FREE DANCE / 5mins
2mins 30sec +/- 10secs
1 / Candace Harrison / MaHa / CAR
1 ……………………….…….
3.20 pm
Event 37 / ADVANCED MASTERS - PAIRS / 15mins
Highland Schottische / 100 / Schottische
Collegiate / 92 / Foxtrot
1 / Andrew English / MaHa / CAR
Jayne Rose
1 ……………………….…….
3.35 pm
Event 38 / MASTERS - SOLO / 20mins
Monterey Tango / 100 / Tango
La Vista (peanut) / 100 / Cha Cha
1 / Elfie Schenker / MaHa / CAR / 2 / Margie Walker / ChTu / CAR
1 ……………………….……. 2 ………………….………….

3.55pm – Presentation off Rink

Clear the Stadium by 4:00pm

Australia Cup Skater List

Figures
Sarah Butler / Rebecca McKeown / Elfie Schenker
Stephanie Campbell / Tina McLardie / Eileen Scott-Stokes
Candace Harrison / Tiffany Mestrinho / Rebekah Stubbs
Kayla Hobson / Lauren Purcell / Jo Wilson
Royston Kein / Darcie Reich / Natasha Yole
Freeskating
Alyce Atkins / Tracey King / Sonja Schenker
Alisha Bowen / Veronique Kokonis / Rhiannon Schmidt
Sarah Butler / Jessica Maloney / Kristen Slade
Stephanie Campbell / Victoria Parella / Kristen Steller
Nathan Csizmadia / Purdy Rawlinson / Alexandra Templar
Rijana Gray / Billy (M) Rawnsley / Melanie Van Dyk
Olivia Harvey / Lyndel Ross / Ashlee Vella
Dance
Sarah Bresnehan / Lauren Purcell / Rebekah Stubbs
Emma Cash / Jayne Rose / Margie Walker
Megan Cash / Stephanie Roussis / Courtney Wheeler
Bettina Dyer / Elfie Schenker / Jo Wilson
Andrew English / Kim Scott Stokes / Laura Wirth
Candace Harrison / Erin Simpson / Amy Wood
Sheree Hobson
Precision
Pacemakers
Suzanne Blakey / Laura Hougaz / Tina Morgnethaler
Jenny Brockley / Debi Inglis / Eileen Scott-Stokes
Liz Coe / Jillienne Kerr / Lesley Sergovic
Stephen Hammond / Anthony Matthews / Erin Simpson
Catherine Higgins / Renate Medrano / Margaret Walker
La Sognatores
Sara Berardo / Marlee Ryan / Bianca Sideras
Victoria Berardo / Rhiannon Schmidt / Monique Sideras
Rebecca Hopkins

Marshalling

a)Skaters:

i) A skater may be refused participation from their event if not marshalled or in the marshalling area at the commencement of the event.

ii) Skaters not marshalled in 15mins before the event start-time may be omitted from the event (except the events occurring within the first 30mins of the start of a Competition).

iii) When marshalling, skaters should wear their skating outfits and their skates must be with them, though not necessarily on their feet.

iv) Once in the marshalling area skaters are not to leave without the permission of the Marshal. A skater who leaves the marshalling area without permission may be disqualified.

v) For safety reasons the designated marshalling area is to be kept clear and only skaters in the called events, their coaches and League Officials shall be permitted in the area.

vi) Skaters must not enter the marshal area outside their event period.

vii) Guardians/parents must not enter the marshalling area unless in an emergency and entry is approved by the League Director.

viii) Skaters are not to leave the marshalling area prior to the completion of their event. Permission to leave the marshal area earlier must be granted from the Marshal on Duty (eg changing for up coming event).

ix) A skater is not permitted to jump or spin in the marshalling area while wearing skates.

b)Coaches:

i) Coaches are reminded that they do not have the right to over ride the marshalling area rules.

ii) Coaches are charged with the responsibility to ensure that their skaters are aware of the marshalling requirements.

iii) Disregard of the requirements of the Marshals could lead to a coach being asked to leave the marshalling area.

c)Referees:

i) Prior to the commencement of the event Referees are required to check the skating order with the calculators, and then advise the judges and marshals of the order.

ii) Referees should inform skaters of all requirements prior to the commencement of the event.

iii) Referees are reminded that decisions in relation to the scheduling of events, cancellation of events, whether the scoring method is open or closed, and event warm up groupings are the province of the League Director.

Scrutineering

a)All skates will be scrutineered prior to skaters taking the floor for their warmup

b)Skates which do not pass the Scrutineering process will be required to be altered such that they comply with regulations regarding exposed axels and black toe stops.

c)Skates which cannot be adjusted such that they comply with the regulations will result in the skater not taking the floor for their event.

d)Placing tape over the axel is not an appropriate solution for axels which protrude beyond the outer edge of the wheel.

Regulations

a)Skaters are to be in the building and prepared to skate up to one hour prior to the scheduled time of their event.

b)No unauthorized persons will be in the marshalling area during the competition.

c)Points will be awarded to all skaters to count towards the overall winner of each category for 2008.

d)All skaters will be in full skating attire for medal presentations. Club Tracksuits with shoes may be worn. Non-Club Tracksuits may not be worn.

e)No medals will be awarded to skaters who are not present at the medal ceremony unless they have indicated their absence in the sign out book.

f)Any accident or injury to a skater or spectator must be reported to the designated First Aid official.

g)An accident/injury report is to be completed.

h)Any withdrawals from the competition are to be notified to the calculators as soon as possible.

Pregnancy:

a)Any skater who is, or believes that she may be pregnant, should consult with her physician prior to registering for a competition.

Privacy Requirements:

a)In accordance with Privacy principles skaters should be aware that the competition program and the competition results will be placed on the Skate Victoria website.

b)Names, skating order and event placings/results will be listed.

c)Should any person not wish for their details to be listed on this site they should convey this request in writing to the Artistic VP not later than 30 minutes after the completion of a competition.

d)Photographs taken by the general public are permitted. Parents should be aware that some photos taken might include their child.

e)Parents will be contacted regarding any photos which are to be used on the web site or for promotional purposes.

f)Skate Victoria reserves the right to prohibit an individual or general photographing or videoing events at any time and anywhere within the competition venue.

Time Available For Competition:

a)Judges & Referees:

i) Due to time available, please ensure you are promptly ready for your event.

ii) If the competition falls more than 15mins behind, events may be Close Scored, and/or events may be cancelled in order to preserve the available time allocation.

iii) Cancelled events may be refunded.

Music:

a)Tapes/CDs are to be handed in to the music desk prior to the commencement of the competition.

b)Music is to be rewound if on tape or can be on CD.