Name: ______Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chemistry of Life Review Guide

Test Date: Feb 3 - 16 multiple choice and 2 BCR’s

1. Explain why the cells below look different from one another.

Nerve cell

2. Muscular and Skeletal Systems

The skeletal and muscular systems work together to support the body and allow for movement. The skeletal system also makes blood cells and protects vital organs.

Bones are living organs that are made up of and have blood vessels and nerves that run through them. They are light because they have a .

The five functions of the skeletal system are: movement, shape and support, store minerals, produce ______, and ______organs. Muscles always work in . One muscle while the other relaxes.

3. Circulatory System

The circulatory system carries needed substances (oxygen and nutrients) to cells and carries waste products (CO2) away from cells. It also helps fight disease.

Blood is made up of plasma,, white blood cells and platelets.

Red blood cells carry to body cells and ______away from body cells.

Blood vessels that carry blood awayfrom the heart are called

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called

are the tiny blood vessels where gas exchange happens.

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries in the lungs. When oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs it enters the ______of the heart (atria and ventricle) to get pumped out the aorta to the

  1. Label the parts of the heart.

The correct sequence that blood takes as it travels through the body is below:

______(right side) lungs heart (______side)to ______

5. Respiratory System

The respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside air into the body and removes the waste products carbon dioxide and water from the body.

Air is a mixture mostly made up of two gases and

Human use the from the air we breathe for

Air goes in the nasal passages and travels down the tube called the

The trachea splits into smaller and smaller tubes. At the ends of the smallest tubes arethe

,tiny air sacswhere carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged. When a person exerciseshis/her heart rate increases to bring more and glucose to their muscle cells.

6.

Glucose + Oxygen Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

The chemical equation above represents the process of

Circle the organic molecule that is broken down for energy in this process:

carbohydrate protein lipid vitamin

Circle the major waste product of respiration in cells:

sugar carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen

7. Look at the graph below. On the left is a description of Bob’s motion and speed. On the right, describe what Bob’s heart rate would look like at each position. (increasing, decreasing or remaining the same)

Describing MotionDescribing Heart Rate

Part / Description of Bob’s direction and speed
A / Moving slowly 1 m/s away from starting point
B / Increase speed 8 m/s away from starting point
C / Standing still for 3 seconds
D / Slowly 10/7.5 m/s (1.3 m/s) returning to starting point
E / Moving past starting point fast 20 m/s
F / Standing still for 4 seconds
Part / Description of Bob’s Heart Rate
A
B
C
D
E
F

Why does Bob’s heart rate increase while exercising?

8. Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food intonutrient molecules the body can use, absorbs the molecules into the blood, and eliminates waste products.

List the six nutrients the human body needs for survival:

9. Complete the chart with the name of the nutrient:

Organic Nutrient Molecules that Provide Calories

Name of Molecule / Function / Foods Found In
Main source of energy for the body / pasta, bread, cereal, grains
Builds cellular materials / fish, meats, eggs, beans, nuts, peanut butter
Stores energy and dissolve vitamins / butter, ice cream, cheese, oils

10. List the sequence of organs in the order the food travels through the digestive tract:

11. In the mouth, bite and crush the food and the enzyme amylase found in

begins to break down the carbohydrate starch into

In the esophagus, peristalsis, ______, squeezes the food down to the stomach. The churning of the stomachalong withstomach acid (hydrochloric acid) and the enzyme break down . The thick paste then goes to the small intestine.Most of the ______digestion (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) happens in the small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed through the villi into the blood vessels and are carried to the body cells.The liver produces which is secreted into the small intestine and breaks ______in food down into small droplets.In the large intestine,

is absorbed and the left over substances are formed into a solid form to be eliminated from the body as waste through the anus.

  1. Complete the following chart by
  • Putting an “X” in each box where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, or absorption occurs.
  • Listing the enzyme(s) found in each digestive organ.
  • Listing any other important parts or facts about each organ.

Part / Mechanical
Digestion / Chemical Digestion / Absorption / Enzyme(s) / Other
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas

Nervous System

The nervous systemreceives information about what is happening to the body and directs the way the body responds to this information.

Cells that carry information through your nervous system are called

A picks up a stimulus from the environment and changes it into a nerve impulse. The nerve impulse travels through nerves to the

that then carries the impulse to the brain. The brain interprets the impulse and sends a message to the that tell the muscles to contract.A is an automatic response that takes place very fast. In a reflex action, the is not involved. The impulses travel from the ______neuron to the spinal cord and then back to the ______neurons. In order for the body to perform a reflex action the ______and ______systems must work together.

  1. Endocrine System

are chemicals that carry messages throughout the body. Hormones are produced by glands of the endocrine system.

The pancreas produces a hormone known as . Not making this any of enough of this hormone results in a disease called diabetes.

  1. Excretory System

The remove carbon dioxide waste from blood.

The filter out waste products (urea from the breakdown of proteins and extra water) from the blood. These wastes are eliminated in urine.

Part Two: Brief Constructed Responses

DIRECTIONS

Carefully read the BCR item. Write your response to the BCR, Function of Digestion, in the space provided on your answer sheet.

BCR #1: FUNCTION OF DIGESTION

The function of the digestive system is to break down food into small nutrient molecules. The nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried to the cells of your body. You eat a slice of pizza for lunch. Your pizza consists of bread, tomato sauce, and cheese. The pizza will travel through your digestive system. Some parts of the pizza will be mechanically digested, and some will be chemically digested in different digestive organs.

Describe what will happen to the pizza as it travels through the digestive system from beginning to end. In your response be sure to

  • Include the names of the different digestive organs.
  • Identify the types of nutrient molecules.
  • Explain what happens to the different parts of the pizza along the way.

Remember that this item will be scored using the MSA Science Rubric. Your response will be scored for completeness, synthesis of information, and accurate use of terms.

Use the following graphic organizer to help you organizer your response. You may not use it during the test.

BCR #2: MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Cells in a multicellular organism must be constantly supplied with oxygen and important nutrients to remain alive and healthy. At the same time, waste products are constantly removed from the cells. To accomplish this, the organs and systems of the body must function together, continuously interacting with each other.

A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

Suppose you decide to enter a bicycle race. How would the organs and systems of the body interact with each other? In your response be sure to

  • Identify the names of two or more systems that will interact.
  • Explain how your heart and lungs will work together to meet the needs of your muscle cells as you ride, so that you can successfully compete in the race.

Remember that this item will be scored using the MSA Science Rubric. Your response will be scored for completeness, synthesis of information, and accurate use of terms.

Use the following graphic organizer to help you organizer your response. You may not use it during the test.