Unit 5 Mitosis, Meiosis and cell regulation.

Chapters 12-13, 19 in Red Book

Chapters 8 and 11 in Green Book

Chapter 8 (Red book)

Vocabulary

Binary fissionChromatinChromosome

GenomeDiploidHaploid

GameteSomatic cellGenome

CentromereGeneSister chromatid

MitosisCytokinesisCell cycle

G1 phaseG2 phaseS phase

Interphaseprophasemetaphase

Anaphasetelophasespindle fibers

Centriolescancermalignant tumor

Metastasisbenign tumorcontact inhibition

Cleavage furrowcell plateDensity dependent inhibition

Cyclinanchorage dependenceCdks

MPFcell cycle checkpointG0 phase

homologous chromosomessynapsislife cycle

Tetradcrossing overchiasmata

Alternation of generationszygotekaryotyping

Locussex chromosomesparthenogenesis

Buddinggenetic recombinationnondisjunction

Karyotypechromosomal mutationgene mutation

Meiosisasexual reproductionsexual reproduction

Autosomessex chromosomesgene mapping

  • Describe the many differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis.
  • What is the significance of meiosis in the big picture? Mitosis?
  • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
  • What are the four sources for genetic variation in a population? Why is this important?
  • Be able to explain the basic life cycle plan of fungi, animals, and plants.
  • How does cytokinesis differ for plant cells and animal cells?
  • List the stages and substages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage using important terminology.
  • How does mitosis provide continuity and ability to change at the same time?
  • Differentiate “big” chromosomes, “small (single stranded)” chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin.
  • Know the number of chromosomes at any point in the cell cycle for humans for meiosis or mitosis
  • Understand the checkpoints in the cell cycle and how they can lead to cancer when faulty (red book)
  • Be able to list and explain the types of chromosomal mutations.

Chapter 11 (red book)

Vocabulary

Stem cellsTherapeutic cloningReproductive cloning

Embryonic stem cellsadult stem cellsdifferentiation

Operonlac operon (inducible)trp operon (repressible)

PromoteroperatorTATA box

RNA polymeraserepressortranscription factors

Enhancers5’ GTP cap3’ poly A tail

Intronsexons histones

EuchromatinheterochromatinX chromosome inactivation

histonesnucleosomesalternative RNA splicing

homeotic genehomeoboxras gene

OncogeneProtooncogeneTumor supressor gene

P53 geneDNA methylationHistone acetylation

CarcinogenBRCA genes 1 and 2protein kinase

G proteinsignal transduction pathwaytumor

Transcriptiontranslationgene expression

Blastocystbarr body

Be able to relate what stem cells are and the differences between the types of cloning and the types of stem cells

Be able to explain the lac operon and trp operon and their overall goal.

Be able to explain the three post-transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic cells.

Be able to explain the two mechanisms for how the signal transduction pathways can lead to cancer (224)

Be able to explain the multiple steps needed for colon cancer development and what polyps indicate in the colon. (225)

How do eukaryotic organisms control transcription through the use of enhancers and transcription factors?

Be able to explain the four mechanisms for translational and post-translational control

Describe the series of events of how an animal embryo develops as it relates to cell to cell signaling, homeobox, homeotic genes (220-2)

Reading guide pages 208-209, 212-214

  1. What are the differences between therapeutic and reproductive cloning?
  1. What are the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?
  1. How do the following terms relate to stem cells and cloning?
  2. Blastocyst
  1. Differentiation
  1. Culture conditions
  1. Dolly
  1. Nuclear transplantation
  1. Surrogate mother
  1. How does our body make an entire body from the fertilized egg considering that all cells have the same DNA? Write three statements that would help explain this.

Reading pages 210-211, 215-219

  1. Describe the lac operon and why it is called the inducible operon.
  1. Trp operon is a repressible operon although it has the same “parts” as in the lac operon story. What is different in the trp operon in the story itself and the result of the story?
  1. How do eukaryotic cells control transcription via DNA packaging?
  1. If the tightly packaged chromatin regions are called heterochromatin and the loosely packaged version is called euchromatin, which is likely to be transcribed and why does this make sense?
  1. X inactivation leads to the formation of a Barr Body (inactivated X chromosome) in each cell. How does this lead to a tortoise shell or calico cat?

Read pages 220-222

10. Describe the series of events of how an animal embryo develops as it relates to cell to cell signaling, homeobox, homeotic genes.