Name PRACTICAL BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW 12-13

Name PRACTICAL BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW 12-13

The test is a mix of multiple choice, matching, fill in and short answer. Here is a list of topics and helpful hints you can use to prepare for the exam.

I. Cell Organelles, Functions and Transport:

1. Prokaryotic _____

2. Eukaryotic_____

3. Biology_____

4. Cell Membrane_____

5. Cells_____

6. Cytoplasm_____

7. Chloroplast_____

8. Mitochondria_____

9. Nucleus_____

10. Ribosome_____

11. Osmosis_____

12. Diffusion_____

13. Concentration_____

a. Found in plants, performs photosynthesis

b. The smallest living unit

c. The control center of the cell

d. The movement of molecules (like sugar and salt) while traveling across the cell membrane

e. The study of living things

f. These cells have a nucleus

g. The movement of water molecules across the cell membrane

h. They are the oldest, most simple type of cells and do not have a nucleus

i. The amount/measurement of a molecule (high / low)

j. The liquid part of the cell

k. The part of the cell that controls what enters or leaves the cell

l. Makes proteins for the cell

m. The powerhouse of the cell, performs cellular respiration

Concepts and Lab Review:

Cell Lab

Answer the following questions based on your Cells Lab: Is it an Animal, Plant or Bacteria cell?

What are the differences between plant, animal and bacteria cells?

Organelles / Animal / Plant / Bacteria
Nucleus
DNA
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Osmosis in Potato Cells and Animal Cells

Step 1: Label the following cells as being animal cells or plant cells.

Step 2: Osmosis has occurred. Identify the condition of the following cells: shrunk, swell or burst.

1. ______

2.______

Choose either OSMOSIS or DIFFUSION for the following descriptions:

1. Students exposed red onion cells to salt water; they observed the movement of the water molecules.

2. Students exposed red onion cells to salt water; they observed the movement of salt molecules.

The cytoplasm of Elodea cells is composed of 70% water molecules. Each beaker has a different water solution. Answer the following questions to explain what happens to the cells.

ALL OF THE ELODEA CELLS ARE MADE OF 70% water.

A B C

_____ Which solution would cause the water to come out of the Elodea cell (A, B, or C)?

_____ Which solution would cause the water to flow into the Elodea cell (A, B, or C)?

_____ Which solution is in equilibrium, so the water molecules inside the Elodea cell and outside the Elodea cell are even? (A, B, or C)

II. Scientific Method:

1. Independent variable_____

2. Dependent variable_____

3. Control_____

4. Controlled Experiment_____

5. Hypothesis _____

a. an experiment in which all factors are kept constant except for the independent variable

b. the variable in an experiment the scientist purposefully changes

c. the “baseline” that you can compare the other groups to

d. an educated guess that answers the problem statement

e. what the scientist measures at the end of the experiment

Dr. Imanut wants to examine whether a new drug increases the maze running performance in older rats. Just like aging humans, older rats show signs of poorer memory for new things. Dr. Imanut teaches two groups of older rats to find a piece of tasty rat chow in the maze. One group of rats is given the new drug while they are learning the maze. The second group is not given the drug. One week after having learned the maze, he retests the rats and records how long it takes them to find the rat chow.

1. What is the independent variable?

a. age of the rats

b. type of maze

c. length of time it took the rats to run through the maze

d. presence or absence of the new drug

2. What is the dependent variable?

a. age of the rats

b. type of maze

c. length of time it took the rats to run through the maze

d. presence or absence of the new drug

A researcher wanted to study the effects of sleep deprivation on physical coordination. The researcher selected 25 year-old male college students and deprived some of the subjects to either 24, 36, or 45 hours of sleep.

3. In the present study, the independent variable was?

a. the length of time the subjects were deprived of sleep

b. the age of the subjects

c. the gender of the subjects

d. the physical coordination skills of the subjects

4. In the present study, the dependent variable was?

a. the length of time the subjects were deprived of sleep

b. the age of the subjects

c. the gender of the subjects

d. the physical coordination skills of the subjects

An investigator had 60 subjects watch a videotaped re-enactment of a bank robbery. Half of the subjects were asked by a police investigator to recall the event, while the remaining subjects were interviewed by a police investigator while they were hypnotized.

5. What is the problem statement/question the scientist is trying to study?

6. What would be a good hypothesis for this experiment? (IF ______THEN______)

III. Enzymes, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:

1. Photosynthesis

2. Cellular Respiration

3. Chlorophyll

4. ATP

5. Reactant

6. Product

7. Autotroph

8. Heterotroph

9. Enzyme

10. Substrate

11. Active Site

a. a green pigment that helps plants perform photosynthesis

b. a protein that breaks down or builds up molecules

c. an energy molecule

d. the molecule the enzyme breaks down or builds up

e. organisms that consume food

f. the end result of a chemical reaction

g. the specific location where the enzyme and substrate attach

h. the process of releasing energy (ATP) from glucose

i. the process of converting sunlight into glucose

j. the materials needed for a chemical reaction to begin.

Purpose / Where does it take place? / Reactants / Products / What type of organisms performs this?
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration

k. organisms that make their own food

Fill in the chart below comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:

Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Apple Juice / Enzyme Lab

Science students at GHS conducted an investigation to determine how enzymes affect apple juice production. They used two enzymes, catalase and pectinase. Below is their procedure:

a. Place filter paper in a funnel and put funnel in a flask.

b. Set up three flasks with funnels.

c. Pour exactly 20 g of apple sauce into each funnel.

d. Add a different enzyme to each funnel.

e. Let each flask sit for exactly 10 minutes.

f. After 10 minutes, measure how much apple juice was produced from each flask using a graduated cylinder.

______

1. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

IV:

DV:

2. Identify two variables that were held constant in this experiment.

3. Explain why it is important to hold these variables constant (controlled).

4. What was the substrate in this experiment?

5. What was the product(s) in this experiment?

6. Why was it important that flask C was used?

1. Label the following diagram:

Enzyme Substrate Active Site Product

2. Below is a graph showing what happens to enzymes when temperature changes. Mark a STAR where the optimal (best) temperature would be for enzyme productivity.

3. What happens to the active site of an enzyme when the temperature gets too high?

IV: DNA and Protein Synthesis:

Define the following terms:

1. DNA

2. Nucleotide

3. Double Helix

4. DNA Replication

5. Protein

6. Ribosomes

a. the process of creating an identical copy of DNA

b. the building block of DNA

c. molecules that control all chemical reactions in your body

d. the genetic material found in the nucleus

e. the location of protein synthesis

f. the shape of DNA

1. Label the parts of the Nucleotide: BASE, SUGAR, PHOSPHATE

2. Write the complementary DNA strand:

DNA#1: G T G G C T T G T A G A A G C T C

DNA #2: A C C C G A T T C T A A G C T C A

DNA #3: A T T A A T A T C G T G A G C C A

3. Describe the 3 steps of

DNA Replication:

1 2 3

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

4. Label the following diagram:

DNA Protein Amino Acids Nucleus RNA Ribosome

5. Using the Amino Acid Chart. Make a protein molecule.

DNA: T A C T G G G G G A C A A C A A C T

RNA:

Amino Acid:

V: Global Interdependence:

PART VII: Human Impact on Environment

1._____ An energy source that can be reused. A. Brownfield site

2._____ The increase in amount of a pollutant within a food chain. B. Greenhouse effect

3._____ It is a naturally occurring process by which certain gases in C. Incinerator

the atmosphere trap energy from the sun that has been reflected

off Earth’s surface. D. Global warming

4._____ It is the increase of the Earth’s temperature due to a E. Remediation

build-up of greenhouse gases.

F. Landfill

5._____ Piece of land that was once used for industrial purposes and is

now typically abandoned because of suspected contamination. G. Recycling

6._____ To detoxify a polluted area using living organisms that are naturally H. Contaminant

found in the soil.

I. Eutrophication

7._____A process when water bodies receive extra nitrogen

that creates excessive algae and plant growth. J. Bioaccumulation

8._____A place where garbage is buried. K. Renewable resources

9._____ The process of turning used materials into new product. L. Non-renewable resources

10._____ An energy source that cannot be reused.

11._____ A facility in which waste is burned.

12._____ A toxic chemical that can harm humans and/or the environment.

13. What are two ways human are causing a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

14. What are examples of contaminants found at a Brownfield Site?

15. Here is a food chain: Grass à Mouse à Snake à Hawk

If a chemical pollutant (such as DDT) was sprayed onto the grass fields, which organism would have the highest concentration of pollutant in their body? WHY?

16. The PRO/CON reasons have to relate to the ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMICS or HEALTH (nothing personal).

PROS / CONS
LANDFILL
INCINERATOR

17. Fill in the chart about energy sources.

Energy Source / Renewable or
Non-Renewable
Coal
Petroleum (Oil)
Natural Gas
Solar
Hydro Power
Wind
Geothermal

18. Eutrophication is when a body of water experiences an algae bloom. What are TWO ways humans are adding extra nitrogen to the bodies of water?

19. Why should we clean up Brownfield sites? Give TWO reasons.