Carnes & Garraty: Chapter 1 – Guided Reading Notes

  1. The book states that Columbus had no idea______not known to Europeans, and that he was convinced that he had found the western route to Asia. This might be true on his first voyage, but his journal entries from subsequent voyages indicate he was aware that the people that inhabited the land were not Asians and that they could be from a different continent entirely.
  1. What motivation did Europeans have to find a western sea route to the Far East?
  2. What did they desire? ______
  3. What made land routes difficult? ______
  1. Columbus began his journey west across the Atlantic in ______(month/year), sponsored by the ______government. He sighted an island he named ______in ______(month/year) (see pg 19)
  1. What treaty between Portugal and Spain provided the Spanish with exclusive rights to explore the New World? ______
  2. This excludes the easternmost tip of Brazil because the longitudinal demarcation line established in the treaty separated the easternmost tip of Brazil from the rest of the New World, giving the Portuguese control of what would become Brazil.
  1. Columbus opened a floodgate of Spanish explorers who traveled to the New World in the early 1500s.
  2. What did Balboa do? ______
  3. What did Cortes do? ______
  4. What did Pizzaro do? ______What did these last two guys covet from the empires they conquered? ______
  1. While the Spanish did explore mainland North America, they did not colonize it to any great extent. However, they did establish two colonies by the early 1600s at ______and ______.
  1. What explains the surge of exploration, conquest and development?
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  1. The early Spanish explorers of the New World were called ______
  2. How did they treat the Native Americans they encountered? ______
  1. There were spiritual misconceptions that the Spanish and Native Americans held upon encountering one another. The Native Americans thought the Spanish were ______. The Spanish thought the Native Americans were______, but they were actually quite spiritual.
  1. Explain the misconception modern Americans have with regard to Native Americans and the environment. ______
  1. Cultural differences led to tensions between Native Americans and Europeans. What are some of examples of cultural misunderstandings
  1. Chiefs are not kings - ______
  2. Land ownership - ______
  3. Warfare – ______
  1. ______contributed to the decline of Native Americans populations more than anything else.
  2. List some diseases ______.
  3. Why did the Indians submit to these diseases? ______(see pg 26)
  1. Who was Bartolome de Las Casas and what did he say about Spanish colonization? ______
  1. Why were the Spanish the only Europeans involved in the New World in the 16th century? ______
  1. How did the Protestant reformation shape the religion of America? ______
  1. In 1585, the British will establish their first settlement in the New World called ______.
  1. What happened to this settlement? ______
  1. What delayed aid to the Roanoke colony and also opened the door for further British colonization of the New World? ______
  1. What British theorist suggested in his Discourse on Western Planning that the British should colonize North America to intercept Spanish treasure boats, spread Protestantism, provide additional markets for English wool, and for natural resources ______. However Elizabeth I did not listen and colonization efforts did not begin until after her death.
  1. What was the first permanent British settlement? ______
  1. When was it established? ______
  2. What was the investment company called that funded the expedition? ______
  3. What was the main purpose of this colony as its charter mentioned? ______
  1. What were the early problems encountered by these settlers?
  1. Location - ______
  2. Food - ______
  3. Work ethic - ______
  4. This resulted in ______
  1. The London Company of Virginia mismanaged the Jamestown enterprise because… ______
  1. What guy recognized the London Company needed to make changes by sending farmers and carpenters rather than gentlemen and “Tuftaffety humorists” ______
  1. What did he mean by this? ______
  1. Jamestown was not able to turn profits for investors in the early years, with the exception of a company that shipped ______
  1. Jamestown struggled in the early years and clearly gold was not discovered, so what commodity helped make Jamestown economically viable to maintain? ______
  1. A planter named ______who planted tobacco in the West Indies introduced a new blend of smooth tobacco that began to be grown in Virginia and it would become very profitable. He later married ______.
  1. What was the House of Burgesses (est 1619)? ______
  1. Why is this significant? ______
  1. The book mentions an Indian attack in 1622 that killed 347 colonists. Based on what you have read, why would the Indians attack the Jamestown colony? ______
  1. In 1624, King James I revokes the Jamestown charter and the colony ceases to be controlled by the London Company (joint-stock) and is instead made into a royal colony. What is the difference between a joint-stock colony and a royal colony? ______
  1. How does the book explain Puritans? ______
  1. What was the Puritan idea of predestination? ______
  1. One Puritan group believed the Anglican church was beyond saving and immigrated to ______.
  1. Unsatisfied there, they entered an agreement with the London Company to settle along the Hudson River. They formed a ______company to pay their way, where half the profits of the company would be paid to investors.
  2. The book says that 35 of the 100 were pilgrims, however I’ve read accounts that say the split was about 50/50.
  3. These pilgrims were called separatists because ______. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to refer to these people as Puritans since Puritans wanted to reform the Anglican church.
  1. They did not establish their colony along the Hudson, but instead on ______in 1620.
  2. What agreement did the expedition members draw up? ______
  3. What did it do? ______
  4. What is the significance of this? ______
  1. The book lists this man as the first governor of the Plymouth Colony. He also kept a journal of the first thirty years of the colony called Of Plymouth Plantation. ______.
  2. Actually John Carver was elected the first governor, but he died within five months after the first winter. Bradford will replace him and remain governor off and on for almost forty years.
  1. Many Plymouth colonists will die in the first winter and many more would have died if it was not for an English-speaking Native Americans named ______that helped the pilgrims fish and plant food. The next year they celebrated with Indians at a Thanksgiving feast.
  1. What prompted Puritans to want to leave England for the Americas in 1630? ______.
  1. Almost ______Puritans came to North America with the Massachusetts Bay charter and established the Massachusetts Bay colony in what is now Boston.
  2. What was this exodus of Puritans to the Americas in the 1630s called? ______
  1. Who was the elected governor of Massachusetts Bay? ______
  1. They created a legislature called ______where only white, male, church members could vote.
  1. How did one become a full church member? ______
  1. This male “troublemaker” came to New England in 1631: ______. He argued two ideas that irritated the people within the colony. He said…
  1. Church & state ______
  2. Native Americans ______
  1. After being kicked out of his church in Salem, he headed south and founded the town of ______. In 1644, he established the colony of Rhode Island. These were unique aspects of life in Rhode Island…
  2. ______
  3. ______
  1. This female “troublemaker” came to Boston in 1631: ______. She was critical of their minister John Wilson. Wilson believed it was the duty of those that are saved to lead morally pure lives as an example to the others.
  2. What did she believe? ______
  3. She was banished for saying ______
  4. Where did she go? ______
  1. Who founded the Connecticut colony at Hartford in 1636? ______
  2. What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and how were they different that voting laws in Massachusetts? ______
  1. In 1608, the French founded their first colony along the St. Lawrence River called ______
  1. In 1624, the Dutch established their first colony at ______and in 1626 at ______
  1. What Dutch administrator purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for trading goods? ______He also helped the ______establish a colony along the Delaware River, which was overrun by the Dutch in 1655.
  1. What was a proprietary colony? ______. Significant proprietary colonies were Maryland, Carolina, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
  1. Who founded the Maryland colony and why was it significant? ______
  1. Due to the founder’s death who received the Maryland charter? ______
  2. What was the main crop produced in Maryland? ______
  3. Established the Toleration Act which said… ______
  4. Most people living in the colony belonged to what faith ______
  1. The Carolinas were established by eight proprietors.
  2. Anthony Ashley Cooper with the help of ______drafted a government plan called the ______.
  3. This government charter introduced the concepts ______and ______, which were quite different from the governments established in Massachusetts.
  4. There was also a provision for the establishment of representative government in this constitution, but it was not ratified.
  1. In 1712, the Carolinas will split into North and South Carolinas. What differences existed between the two? ______
  1. What happened to the Dutch colonies in North America? ______
  1. What happened to the Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam? ______
  2. What was New Amsterdam renamed? ______
  1. New Jersey was formed from formerly Dutch controlled land. Why would settlers be attracted to the New Jersey colony?
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  1. What religious group established themselves in New Jersey? ______
  1. What is the Inner Light? ______
  1. How was Pennsylvania established? ______
  1. Penn’ Quaker beliefs set the tone for colonial policies like…
  1. Native Americans - ______
  2. Religion - ______
  3. Law making - ______
  4. Was this democratic? ______
  5. Individual’s rights - ______
  1. Why did people come to Pennsylvania?
  2. Penn the Salesman - ______
  3. Policies – ______
  4. Soil (what crops) - ______
  1. What was the Columbian Exchange? ______
  2. What did the Europeans learn from Native Americans? ______
  1. What did the Native Americans learn from Europeans? ______