Chapter 13 Test Supplement Review Key

Chapter 13 Test Supplement Review Key

1. Explain the major idea that Darwin presented in The Origins of Species. (Pg 280)

a. Inherited variation exists within the genes of every population or species (the result of

random mutation and translation errors).

b. In a particular environment, some individuals of a population or species are better

suited to survive (as a result of variation) and have more offspring (natural selection).

c. Over time, the traits that make certain individuals of a population able to survive and

reproduce tend to spread in that population.

d. There is overwhelming evidence from fossilsand many other sources that living

species evolved from organisms that are extinct.

1. How did Mycobacterium tuberculosis become resistant to the antibiotic rifampin?

(Pg. 289)

Rifampin acts by binding to M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase, preventing transcription

and so killing the bacterial cell. The mutation in the polymerase’s rpoB gene prevents

rifampin from binding to the polymerase. The mutation, however, does not destroy the

polymerase’s ability to transcribe mRNA.Bacteria survive.

1. When looking at the DNA and amino acid sequences of related species why would we see similarities between their compared information? (Pg. 287)

In general, species descended from a recent common ancestor should have fewer amino

acid differences between their proteins than do species that share a common ancestor

in the more distant past. Species that are thought to have shared a common ancestor

more recently (for example, humans and gorillas) have few amino acid sequence

differences. However, those species that are thought to have shared a common ancestor

in the more distant past (such as humans and mice) have many amino acid sequence

differences.

1. What embryonic structures do all vertebrate embryos, including humans, exhibit during development? (Pg 286)

At some time in their development, all vertebrate embryos have a tail, buds that become

limbs, and pharyngeal pouches.

1. How does natural selection affect the frequency of certain alleles in a population?

(Pg. 281)

Individuals that are best suited to survive and do well in their environment will produce

the most offspring. So, the traits of those individuals will become more common in each

new generation.

1. List the major ideas or thoughts of:

Lamarck –

• Desire to Change – Organisms change b/c they have an inborn urge to better themselves & become more fit for their environment
• Use & Disuse – Change occurs b/c organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways. If an animal did not use a particular part of its body, that body part would decrease in size & might finally disappear
• Passing on Acquired Traits – Acquired characteristics are inherited

Lyell –

• He proposed the theory of Uniformitarianism – “all geologic phenomena may be explained as the result of existing forces having operated uniformly from the origin of the Earth to present time”
• Introduced “Stratigraphic Ages” – uses strata of different rocks to separate the ages of previous geological history
• Noted changes in fossils in strata to fix relative ages

Hutton –

•Proposed the Plutonic theory – “volcanic activity was the source of rocks on the surface of the Earth”

•Evidence of repeated cycles of uplift & erosion in the geology of the land

•Introduced the idea of “repair” into geological history

•Previous idea was decay from initial creation

Malthus –

• Population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically
• When the population exceeds the resources, populations will begin to die off until reasonable numbers are reached

3 Factors That Limit Population

• Famine – an extreme & general scarcity of food, as in a country or large geographical area
• Plague – an epidemic disease that cause high mortality
• War – military conflict

Other possible essay questions:

Why did Darwin believe that the finches he observed and collected in the Galapagos Islands shared a common ancestor?

Although there were differences among these finch species, all the species also had many traits in common. The main similarities among these species led Darwin to conclude that they had a common ancestor.

In comparing two species that look very different, how could a comparison of the species’ genes contribute to an understanding of their evolutionary relationship?

Studying the species’ genes would provide much more information than could be obtained by simply observing the physical appearance of the species. If the species had many genes in common, they would likely be more closely related than their physical appearance would suggest. If the species did not have many genes in common, this information would tend to strengthen the argument that the species were not closely related.

Why is competition among individuals of the same species generally so intense?

Individuals of the same species require the same resources for survival. Since resources are generally limited, only those individuals able to secure sufficient amounts of such resources will survive.

An agricultural plot of land is sprayed with a very powerful insecticide to destroy harmful insects. Nevertheless, many of the same species of insects are present on the land the following year. How might the theory of evolution account for this phenomenon?

A part of the theory of evolution states that genetic variation exists within a species. A small percentage of the insects exposed to the insecticide might have been immune or capable of detoxifying the substance. They survived and produced offspring that were also resistant to the insecticide.

What role does the environment play in natural selection?

Those organisms that have traits best suited to the environment most successfully survive and reproduce.

Suppose that you are a zoologist studying birds on a group of islands. You have just discovered four species of birds that have never been seen before. Each species is on a separate island. The birds are identical to one another except for the shape of their beaks. How can you explain their similarities and differences?

It is likely that the four species evolved from a common ancestor, with each species adapting to the conditions on its island. The differences in beak shape may be the result of differences in available food among the islands. Each bird species adapted to the food that was available on its island.