ISMS
ISM / Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationConservatism
ISMS
ISM / Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationLiberalism
ISMS
ISM / Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationNationalism
ISMS
ISM / Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationSocialism
Conservatism
(word - 1835)
Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / Evaluation-History is a continuum that no single generation could revoke
-Concentrating on humans as individuals ignores their qualities as members of a community. Self-interest leads to conflict not cooperation.
-Society is hierarchical, some humans are better able to lead and rule
Upheld absolute monarchy and aristocracy and the church whole opposing constitutional monarchy and representative democracies.
-order, society and the state, faith and tradition
Alternative to those threatened by violence and social disorder.
Only legitimate authority is God and history.
Rights are not “natural” but allocated by the state
Society exists through continuity
“Natural” aristocratic order rather than “artificial” plans of radicals
Talk of “rights” just conceals self-interest
Ideology of Conservatism
a. Introduction -- A conservative reaction set in determined to keep down liberal and nationalist movements which were stirred by the French Revolution.
(1) After 1815, conservatism, pushed by Metternich and supported by hereditary monarchs in Austria, Prussia and Russia, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocracies, and revived churches (Catholic or Protestant) reemerged against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution
(2) The first step was the Holy Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia) Sept 1815.
(a) It proclaimed the intention of the 3 eastern monarchs to rule exclusively on the basis of Christian principles and to work together to maintain peace and justice on all occasions.
(b) It soon symbolized the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements in Europe.
b. General Conservative Beliefs:
(1)Obedience to political authority;
(2)Organized religion was crucial to social order;
(3)Revolutionary upheavals were despised;
(4) Refused to acknowledge the liberal demands for
civil liberties and representative governments;
(5) The community took precedence over individual rights. / Established Churches, legitimate monarchies and landed aristocracy.
New feature on the political landscape because these forces were pushed by the French Rev. and Napleonic era into being allies. They retained their former arrogance but not their privileges and saw themselves surrounded by liberalism., nationalism and pop. sov. After the Napoleonic wars they had to deal with a population that was going through economic upheaval and a bunch of young kids with nothing better to occupy their time.
Metternich – Epitomy
To no other nationa were the forces of liberalism and nationalism more dangerous
(Germans, Hungarisns, magyars, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks and puppet governments in the Italian peninsula
If rep. Government was permitted the nationalist groups would tear each other to pieces. The creation of the German confederation at the Congress of Vienna was designed to preserve the dynastic itegrity of the Hapsburg realm, any unfication of the Germany would take too much from Austria. The Confederation was 39 states under the leadership of Austria
2nd Example – matternichs pushing the Carlsbad Decrees in Germany in 1819 - university inspectors and press censors
Edmund Burke’s idea that institutions should change very slowly. Reflections became the
handbook of these embattled classes and helped them realize the danger of ideas and aggression of the French Revolution.
1) Conservatism dates to 1790 Edmund Burke (1729-97) Reflections on the Revolution in France
(a) Revolted by the excesses of violent change, he argued for political continuity.
(b) Society was a contract, the state a partnership, that no one generation should destroy but should preserve it, with a few changes, for the next generation.
(c) He opposed the overthrow of a government by revolution.
(d) Change was acceptable if it was gradual, not sudden.
Friedrich Hegel - Thesis as predominant thought and antithesis as the opposition that will clash and a new age, a synthesis will develop. (not quite clear as conservative expect to the degree that he gives the thesis people reason to believe that a fight is coming.
French - Joseph de Maistre
Society’s first task is survival
Only authority can stop selfish individuals
Link of church and state can suppress dangerous indeed
Frenchman Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) espoused the restoration of hereditary monarchy ,
defending it as an absolute divinely inspired institution.
(a) "Order in society" could only be guaranteed by an absolute monarchy.
(b) One should even obey and love an "unjust" ruler.
French - Louis Bonald
Supported from the traditional ruling classes and from peasants who still formed the majority of the population. Because of the fear of the terror and violence of the French Revolution. / -Basically and “anti” philosophy, without many feasible programs of its own other than the opposition of liberal society.
-Did poke holes in liberal philosophy, though they ignored the positive features of that approach
-pointed toward a new social tyranny, the aggressive middle class.
-speaks only to those who share its fears
Can we put these following two under this heading?
Realpolitick -
Utilitarian - greatest good for the greatest number (Bentham)
Liberalism
(word - 1819)
Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationStarted in Spain as opposition to Napoleon and then spread to France as opposition to the Bourbons in 1814, then to England as Whigs but became widespread with the Liberal party in the 1850s. It varied from country to country but these are the similarities:
-believed in what was reasonable, fair, modern, and enlightened
-confidence in man’s power of control and self government
-did not believe in universal suffrage until the 18th century progressed
-demanded full publicity for government and freedom of press and assembly
-believed in representative governments and the constitutional monarchy and constitutions on the Continent.
-favored laissez faire, disapproved guild system (where it still existed) and labor unions or organizations
-advocated freedom of trade, low tariffs
-generally frowned on churches and landed aristocracy as impediments to progress
-disliked war and the military and revolutions
-reformists and political rather than revolutionary
First theory in Western thought to teach that the individual is a self-sufficient being with freedom of thought.
Western Heritage
19th c. people saw liberal as anything that challenged the political, social or religious order.
-People than saw liberals as more radical than they actually were
-We see the liberals as more conservative than they actually were
Government -
-legal quality, religious toleration and freedom of the press
-Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
-legitimacy of government based in free consent
of the governed
-Officials more responsible to people than the crown
-written constitutions
-Wanted broader participation in government but nor democracy, they only wanted to extend the franchise to the propertied classes
-Second only to their hatred of the aristocracy was their contempt for the lower classes. Only one with property could understand government.
Economy-
-economic goals separated them from the working people
-removal of economic restraints on trade and regulated economies
-removal of wage and employment restrictions from government and guilds
-labor, like property, should be bought and sold freely, without regulation. / Most come from the middle class or bourgeoisie and favored increased liberty for their class and , indirectly, for the lower classes as long as those lower classes did not ask for so much freedom as to threaten the position of the middle class.
Men of business and professional classes
Bentham, Jeremy, 1748–1832, English philosopher, jurist, political theorist; founder of utilitarianism. Educated as a lawyer, Bentham devoted himself to the scientific analysis of morals and law. His Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) held that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should govern our judgment of every institution and action. The 19th-cent. reforms of criminal law, of judicial organization, and of the parliamentary electorate owe much to Bentham's active work in English legislative reform, and his thought strongly influenced that of John Stuart Mill.
Adam Smith
Thomas Malthus (economist)
1766–1834, English economist, sociologist, and pioneer in modern population study. In An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798; rev. ed. 1803) he contended that poverty and distress are unavoidable because population increases faster than the means of subsistence. As checks on population growth, he accepted only war, famine, and disease but later added “moral restraint” as well. His controversial theory was adapted by neo-Malthusians and influenced such classical economists as David Ricardo
David Ricardo (economist)
“Iron Law of Wages”
Classical economists before 1850 believe that when workers receive more, they have more children, increasing the labor force and decreasing wages.
Political Economy
Labor Theory of value
G’ment cannot change the “iron law of wages” social relations to economics
Once we operate according to its laws we will make a better world
Western Heritage
-wealthy, educated people who were excluded from the existing political structure
-when government ere re-worked after 1815 these people were still excluded, their new status (economic) that was gained over that period was not recognized.
Britain/France and German Speaking Europe
Challenge in the former was to define all the rights of the Monarch, elected representatives and expand the electorate while avoiding democracy (universal in England not until 1884)
Germanys
-Stiffer resistance from Monarchs and aristocrats leaving liberals with less political influence.
-Big social difference between land owners and the new middle class
-no tradition of civil and political liberty
-From Luther to Hegel, freedom in the Germanys meant conformity to a higher moral law rather than participation in politics.
-Most German-speaking liberals looked to the unification of Prussia and Austria before a freer social and political order would emerge. / Involved in almost all of the revolutionary movements of the 19th century.
Present in over ten constitutions written in the German states.
It effected German students organizations
played a role in the successive reform measures of British governments
Alexis de Toqueville warned that the masses passion for equality would sacrifice liberty for material gain. In the 20th century many were willing to sacrifice liberty for order, authority and economic security.
Liberal causes it’s a change
Natural rights are thrown out
New laws based on pleasure/pain principle
Nationalism
(word - 1840)
Before the French revolution if you asked someone who they were, their answer would turn on their affilition iwht a Church, a Feudal lord or a ruling dynasty. A(No Jerry Lewis fan club yet). After, with the influence of Napeoloen tying all French to the same code, they were citizens.
Definition & Characteristics / Proponents / EvaluationCultural Nationalism - each people had a language, history and world view that must be preserved and protected.
(Germany, Italy, Poland and Turkey)
Political Nationalism - in order to preserve national culture and assure liberty and justice to individual members, each nation should create for itself a sovereign state.
(Britain, France and Spain)
Britain, France and Spain - it was latent and only recognizable when aroused
But provided the example that Italy and Germany strove to emulate.
Nationalism in Eastern Europe remained more cultural than political with the exception of the Poles wanting the “un” partitioning of the Polish state and the Magyars insisting on autonomy within the Habsburg state.
It seemed as if the cultures were about to disappear when they were revived early in the 19th Century. There was more on an interest in the preservation of historic cultures and language
Raising the level of consciousness of a people having a common language, common soil, traditions, history and culture to seek political unity around what they think constitutes a nation.
Early forms were romantic and cosmopolitan before they became filled with hate in the late 19th century.
Western Heritage
Liberal and Nationalism Clash
-People who want their own ethnic group to control other ethnicies within their same political boundaries (Magyars in Hungary)
-National groups who regard other groups as their inferiors
-National groups who want political autonomy for their groups but not for others
-Dark side of nationalism which will raise its ugly head in the end of the 19th century
But, Nationalism and Liberalism can cooperate
-nationalist groups, because they want civil liberties economic freedom and representative government can gain the support of liberals in other countries throughout Europe.
-Greece adopted this tactic and chose Athens as their new capital thereby enticing the aid of liberals in Britain and France who wanted to support the birthplace of democracy / Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872)
Best known nationalists philosophers who was an Italian living as an exile in France and Great Britain. Was a member of the Carbonari but formed his own organization in 1832 called Young Italy. In 1834 he tried a filibustering campaign in Sardinia but was not deterred by its failure.
The Duties of Man - the pure duty of a nation was to be the intermediate between duty to family and duty to God. (Mazzini’s most popular book.)
“Without Country you have neither name, token, voice, nor rights, no admission as brothers into the fellowship of the Peoples. You are the bastards of Humanity. Soldiers without a banner, Israelites among the nations, you will find neither faith nor protection; none will be sureties for you. Do not beguile yourselves with the hope of emancipation from unjust social conditions if you do not first conquer a Country for yourselves.”
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–72), Italian nationalist leader. The Duties of Man, ch. 5 (1844–58; tr. 1907).
Modern History
His fame will be won in the Revolution of 1848 but fornow he fits in this category:
Frail body and active mind that would never let him rest. Read a lot (Tacitus the Roamn and Bryon the Brit)
Passionate concern for the poor and helpless n Italy and an afinity for the precepts of the FR in 193. He gave up concern for himself and occupied his time and energies on bettering the lot of others.
He believed tha men were essentially good and would behave once freed from tyranny and injustice
Formed “Young Italy” in 1831 which was designed to teach young Italians their rights. Like Rouasseau beleieved that all men had natural rights, adopted the phrase “Linerty, Equality and Fraternity”
The young took him at his word and started a numbr of revolutions in Italy which were all supressed easily and he would live in exile from 1831 through 48. Abnishment helped his fame across the Continent and “Young” organizations started in other countires communicating to each through him.
He fits in this category through his organization of Italins yet he was a lover of mankind as a whole and became the the “most hated and most loved man in Europe. The former composed of the young and the latter, composed of the aristocrats and nobles and bishops who loss sleep fearing this “madman” and “anarchist”.
However, he would be just as likely to be writing a phamplet by candlelight to start a revolutionas he would be carrying coal sciutlle up three flights staris for an overworked landlady.
Instant History
His ideas were liberal but they had an ethnic ring
Surest path to prosperty was the naion-state. It is clea ri his concpetion of Europe as a choral concert with each nation signing its own part. But by 1848 what they were singing was “Wild in the Streets”
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)
Volkgeist, no culture is superior, but every one is unique and possess a distinct national character.
Germany - Nationality became an obsession, even though they were divided and frustrated.
Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812)
They hoped to find the indegiousness sprit of the common people of Germany by collecting their fairy tales. The History of Tom Thumb,” “Little Red Riding-Hood,” “Bluebeard,” “Puss in Boots,” “Hop o’ my Thumb,” “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” “Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Georg Friedrich Hegal (1770-1831)
German Philosopher who believed that the national state was the institutional embodiment of reason and liberty. For a people to possess freedom, they needed a potent state.
Leopold von Ranke (1756-1886)
Latin and Teutonic Peoples
Creator of the “science’ of history, he stated in 1830 that Germany had a mission from God to develop their culture and a political system different than any other. They were destined to “create the pure German state corresponding to the genius of the nation.”
Friedrich List (1789-1846)
National System of Political Economy (1840)
Any nation, in order to be civilized and develop its own national culture had to have cities and an industry of its own. He believed that initially, countries may have to resort to tariffs in order to protect themselves.
Carboni: Secret Society in Italy / Because it proposes to unify people of the same nationality it implicitly threatens every country that is a collection of different ethnicites and therefore it was repressed to some degree. Especially in Germany
Which is every government east of France
Socialism