The History of Early Cereal Cultivation in Northernmost Fennoscandia As Indicated By

Supplementary material to:

The history of early cereal cultivation in northernmost Fennoscandia as indicated by palynological research

Torbjörn Josefsson1,2, Per H. Ramqvist2,3, Greger Hörnberg2

1 Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden. Phone: +46 90786 8372, Fax: +46 90786 8163. E-mail:

2 Institute for Subarctic Landscape Research, Torget, SE-938 31 Arjeplog, Sweden

3 Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

Appendix List of sites from south to north in Sweden, Finland and Norway (63-71° N) with dates (uncertain dates in parentheses) of the earliest finds of cereal pollen types identified through pollen analysis. Pollen types are presented in accordance with the original work and with harmonized taxonomy and nomenclature (abbreviations for the references used in the identification of pollen types are explained in the methods section)

Site / Coordinates / Elevation / Earliest date / Original pollen type(s) / Harmonized pollen type(s) / Archive / Reference
Sweden
Banafjäl, Örnsköldsvik / 63°17’ N, 19°03’ E / 25 / 200-50 BC / Cerealia / – / Peat/soil / Engelmark 1994; Lindqvist 2000
Yttersel, Anundsjö / 63°25’ N, 18°20’ E / 80 / No date2 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Soil / Miller et al. 1979
Ytterseltjärnen, Anundsjö / 63°25’ N, 18°21’ E / 60 / No date3 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B E F) / Lake / Miller and Robertsson 1979
Norrböle, Anundsjö (n=2) / 63°26’ N, 18°17’ E / 50-52 / (2200 BC)4 / Hordeum, Triticum / Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (B E F) / Peat / Huttunen and Tolonen 1972
Hamptjärnen, Näsåker / 63°26’ N, 16°56’ E / 175-180 / (AD 1000)5 / Secale / Secale cereale (B E F) / Lake / Huttunen and Tolonen 1972
Råmyren, Näsåker / 63°28’ N, 16°50’ E / 1151 / AD 10006 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (M) / Peat / von Stedingk and Baudou 2006
Hotingsmyran, Hoting / 64°07’ N, 16°07’ E / 335-340 1 / AD 15006 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (M) / Peat / von Stedingk and Baudou 2006
Långrumpskogen, Umeå / 63°42’ N, 19°33’ E / 100 1 / AD 15007 / Hordeum type, Secale cereale, Triticum / Hordeum-t, Secale cereale,
Triticum-t (M) / Peat / Segerström et al. 1994
Mariehem, Umeå / 63° N, 20° E / 40-45 / AD 1300 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (B M) / Peat
Prästsjön, Umeå (n=3) / 63° N, 20° E / 32-50 / (700 BC) / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B M) / Lake / Wallin 1996
Hamptjärn, Umeå / 63°53’ N, 20°13’ E / 64 / (850 BC) / Triticum type / Triticum-t (B E F) / Lake / Engelmark 1976
Kassjön, Umeå / 63°55’ N, 20°01’ E / 84 / 850 BC8 / Cerealia undiff. / Cerealia-t (B E M) / Lake / Tolonen 1972
Abbortjärnen, Hotagen / 63°53’ N, 14°27’ E / 387 / AD 950 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (Bt) / Lake / Segerström 1990c
Gumboda, Ånäset (n=2) / 64° N, 21° E / 30-35 / 400 BC / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B M) / Peat / Giesecke 2005
Håltjärnen, Åsele / 64°09’ N, 17°22’ E / 305 / (AD 1000) / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B E F M) / Lake / Wallin 1996
Lappmyran, Vindeln / 64°09’ N, 19°34’ E / 290 1 / AD 850 / Secale / Secale cereale (B M) / Peat / Segerström 1982
Svartkälstjärn, Vindeln / 64°16’ N, 19°33’ E / 257 / AD 1650 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (F M R) / Lake / van der Linden et al. 2008
Bjurselet, Byske / 64°59’ N, 21°06’ E / 52-54 / (1950 BC)4 / Hordeum / Cerealia-t* / Soil / Barnekow et al. 2008
Svedjan, Piteå / 65°16’ N, 21°23’ E / 13 / AD 1600 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (A B M) / Peat / Königsson 1970
Grandskogen, Piteå / 65°24’ N, 21°15’ E / 11 / AD 1400 / Triticum type / Triticum-t (A B M) / Peat / Segerström 1995
Lappviken, Kåtaselet / 65°19’ N, 19°56’ E / 295 / No date9 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Soil / Segerström 1995
Mattisberg, Luleå / 65°39’ N, 22°02’ E / 12 / AD 1200 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (A B M) / Peat / Robertsson and Miller 1985
Fisktjärnen, Heden, Boden / 65°49’ N, 21°35’ E / 24 / 150 BC10 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B M) / Lake / Segerström 1995
Högträsk, Kalix / 65°53’ N, 23°33’ E / 33 / No date / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Lake / Segerström 1990b
Ipmatisjauratj, Arjeplog / 66°09’ N, 18°10’ E / 480 / (6000 BC) / Hordeum type / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Tolonen 1981
Gieddeålge, Arjeplog / 66°13’ N, 15°41’ E / 710 / AD 1350 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (M) / Peat / Hörnberg et al. 2006
Munka, Arjeplog / 66°33’ N, 17°47’ E / 460 / AD 1600 / Cerealia undiff. / Cerealia-t (M) / Peat / Staland et al. 2011
Hiednikvalta, Arjeplog / 66°46’ N, 15°58’ E / 660 / (AD 1700)6 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (M) / Peat / Josefsson et al. 2009
Strömbackatjärnen, Edefors / 66°13’ N, 20°51’ E / 51 / 950 AD7,8 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B M) / Lake / Karlsson et al. 2009
Kroktjärnen, Edefors / 66°14’ N, 20°51’ E / 58 / 750 AD8 / Cerealia undiff. / Cerealia-t (A B M) / Lake / Segerström 1990b
Ahmarova, Övertorneå / 66°40’ N, 23°18’ E / 230 / AD 1600 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (M) / Peat / Segerström 1990b, 1991
Kartajauratj, Porjus / 66°57’ N, 19°26’ E / 480 / AD 1400 / Secale cereale / Secale cereale (M) / Peat / Hörnberg et al. 2012
Marrajegge, Porjus / 66°59’ N, 19°17’ E / 490 / (AD 1700)4,6 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (M) / Peat / DeLuca et al. 2013
Abisko Östra, Abisko / 68°21’ N, 18°49’ E / 360 / (600 BC)4 / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t (F M P R) / Peat / Hörnberg et al. 1999
Finland / Jankovská and Kociánová 2010
Heinälampi, Siilinjärvi, Kuopio / 63°07’ N, 27°39’ E / 97-103 / AD 150-2007,8 / Cerealia type, Secale cereale / Cerealia-t*, Cerealia-t* / Lake
Lintunemossen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°07’ N, 22°12’ E / 18-20 / (AD 250) / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Grönlund et al. 1992
(AD 300) / Hordeum, Secale, Triticum / Hordeum-t, Secale cereale, Triticum-t (B E F) / Peat / Miettinen and Vuorela 1988
Lampeltmossen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°08’ N, 22°10’ E / 30 / AD 850 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B E F M) / Peat / Tolonen et al. 1976
Marjenemossen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°08’ N, 22°18’ E / 20 / (AD 250) / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Peat
Träskismyren, Vasa / 63°09’ N, 21°35’ E / 15 / AD 5007 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B E F M) / Peat / Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and Segerström 1994
Katamossen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°11’ N, 22°18’ E / 20 / (100 BC) / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B E F M) / Peat / Miettinen and Vuorela 1988
Vitmossen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°11’ N, 22°23’ E / 33 / AD 1250 / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and Segerström 1994
Vikpäre, Vörå, Vasa / 63°14’ N, 22°13’ E / 10-12 / AD 1000 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B E F M) / Peat / Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and Segerström 1994
Nedreskogen, Vörå, Vasa / 63°16’ N, 22°17’ E / 10 / AD 1300 / Cerealia, Secale cereale / Cerealia-t, Cerealia-t (B E F M) / Peat / Vuorela 1989
Nääverpakanneva, Kalijärvi, Vasa / 63° N, 23° E / (AD 1700)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and Segerström 1994
Karvilampi, Pihtipudas / 63°20’ N, 25°38’ E / 112 / (2300 BC) / Cerealia excl. Secale / Cerealia-t (B) / Lake / Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and Segerström 1994
Liinalampi, Pithipudas / 63°25’ N, 25°25’ E / 1301 / (AD 50) / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t (A) / Lake / Vuorela 1982
Lehmilampi, Nurmes / 63°37’ N, 29°06’ E / 96 / 3000 BC8 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B P) / Lake / Vuorela 1997, 2007
Ahmasjärvi, Vaala / 64°29’ N, 26°27’ E / 98 / (5500 BC)4,6 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Lake / Koivula et al. 1994
Nimisjärvi, Vaala / 64°30’ N, 26°46’ E / 135 / (3450 BC)4,7 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Lake / Augustsson et al. 2013
Sotkasuo, Vaala / 64°50’ N, 26°25’ E / 81 / (3950 BC)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Peat / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Järvelänjärvi, Oulu / 64°34’ N, 24°47’ E / 100 / (4100 BC)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Lake / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Pilpajärvi, Oulu / 64°57’ N, 25°49’ E / 40 / (2600 BC)4,6,7 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Lake / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Hailuoto, Oulu (n=2) / 65° N, 24° E / 2-10 / (AD 1200) / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t (B) / Peat / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Sipola-Isola, Hailuoto, Oulu (n=2) / 65°03’ N, 24°48’ E / 7-8 / AD 1400 / Hordeum, Secale / Hordeum-t, Secale cereale (F M) / Peat / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Kittilä, Hailuoto, Oulu / 65°01’ N, 24°40’ E / 7-8 / AD 1250 / Hordeum / Hordeum-t (F M) / Peat / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1976
Merijänjärvi, Oulu / 65°17’ N, 25°30’ E / 30 / (1000 BC)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Peat/lake / Hicks 1992; Hicks and Birks 1996
Tervola, Kemi / 65° N, 24° E / 25 / (AD 650)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Soil / Hicks 1992; Hicks and Birks 1996
Kiimjänkä, Kemi / 65°59’ N, 24°39’ E / 40 / (300 BC)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Peat / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Kokkokangas, Torneå / 65°49’ N, 24°11’ E / 12 / AD 1500 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B M) / Peat / Reynaud and Tobolski 1974
Oravaisensaari, Torneå / 65°55’ N, 24°10’ E / 6 / (AD 1350) / Cerealia, Secale / Cerealia-t, Secale cereale (A B F) / Peat, soil / Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Särkikangas, Kuusamo / 65°55’ N, 29°11’ E / 255-2601 / No date / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Segerström 1995
Kangerjoki, Kuusamo / 66°07’ N, 29°00’ E / 285-2901 / AD 1700 / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Hjelmroos 1974, 1978
Rukatuntupi, Kuusamo / 66°09’ N, 29°09’ E / 300-3101 / No date / Cerealia type / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Hicks 1976, 1985
Paanajärvi, Kuusamo (n=3) / 66°16’ N, 30° E / 128-136 / AD 130011 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Lake / Hicks 1976, 1985
Poikkivaara, Övertorneå / 66° N, 23° E / 85 / No date / Secale / Secale cereale (A B) / Soil / Hicks 1976, 1985
Kaakonlantto, Övertorneå / 66°13’ N, 23°45’ E / 50 / (AD 1100)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Peat / Bondestam 1999
Iso-Mustajärvi, Övertorneå / 66°13’ N, 26°46’ E / 75 / (3550 BC)4,6 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B F) / Lake / Hjelmroos 1978
Lohijärvi, Övertorneå / 66°27’ N, 24°20’ E / 741 / No date12 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (B) / Peat / Hjelmroos 1978; Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Norway / Hjelmroos 1978; Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Tømmerholt, Trondheim / 63° N, 10° E / 2551 / AD 600 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Tikkanen 1978
Trondheim (n=7) / 63-64° N, 10-12° E / 10-206 / No date / Not specified / – / Peat
Drestad, Trondheim / 64°10’ N, 11°14’ E / 120-125 / (AD 880) / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Hafsten 1988
Tilrem, Brønnøysund / 65° N, 12° E / 10-151 / No date13 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B) / Peat / Vorren et al. 1990
Kulstad, Mosjøen / 65° N, 13° E / 96 / No date / Not specified / – / Peat / Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Skaitidalen, Røkland (n=3) / 66° N, 15° E / 460-640 / (3350 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B E F G) / Peat / Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Arstad, Bodø / 67°01’ N, 14°34’ E / 4 / AD 900 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Vorren et al. 1990
Tjong, Rødøy, Bodø / 66°42’ N, 13°25’ E / 601 / (2700 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B) / Peat / Høeg 1972
Sund, Hemnes, Bodø / 66°12’ N, 13°39’ E / 101 / (1900 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B) / Peat / Moe 1991
Hustad, Bodø / 67°06’ N, 14°01’ E / 22 / 250 BC / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Naurstad, Bodø / 67°16’ N, 14°50’ E / 18 / (700 BC)6 / Avena / Avena-t (F) / Peat / Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Heggmoen, Bodø / 67° N, 14° E / 150 / (AD 700)6 / Hordeum / Cerealia-t* / Peat / Moe 1991
Jensvold, Bodø / 67° N, 14° E / 24 / (AD 1150)6 / Cerealia undiff. / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Moe 1991
Daurmålsvann, Bodø / 67°13’ N, 14° E / 20 / (1550 BC)6 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Moe 1998
Seivågmyr, Bodø / 67°13’ N, 14° E / 36 / (400 BC)6 / Hordeum, Triticum type / Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (F) / Peat / Moe 2001
Hernesmyr, Bodø / 67°16’ N, 14°21’ E / 12 / (AD 600)6 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Moe 2003
Stormyra, Vestvågøy, Lofoten / 68° N, 13° E / 28 / (1300 BC)4 / Cerealia / Cerealia-t (F) / Peat / Moe 2003
Alstad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten / 68°16 N, 13°56 E / 10 / 650 BC / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Moe 2003
Moland, Lofoten / 68° N, 13° E / 16 / (1100 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B) / Peat / Moe 1983
Årstrandmyra, Lofoten / 68°18’ N, 14°06’ E / 16 / (2650 BC)4,6 / Hordeum type, Triticum / Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (B) / Peat / Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Samamyra, Harstad, Lofoten / 68° N, 16° E / 42 / (AD 1300)4 / Avena, Cerealia / Cerealia-t*, Cerealia-t* / Peat / Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Elgsnes, Harstad, Lofoten (n=3) / 68° N, 16° E / 10-30 / (100 BC)4,7 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B F) / Peat/soil / Vorren and Nilssen 1982, Nilssen 1988
Skar, Dønna, Lofoten / 68° N, 16° E / - / (400 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B F) / Peat / Vorren 1975
Justad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2) / 68°09’ N, 13°48’ E / 5-10 / (AD 1050)6 / Avena, Hordeum type / Avena-t, Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Vorren 1983, 1986; Vorren and Alm 1985
Tangstad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2) / 68°14’ N, 13°39’ E / 9-20 / 1150 BC / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Vorren 1986
Rystad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2) / 68°14’ N, 13°47’ E / 15-22 / 1500 BC / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Bøstad, Lofoten / 68°15’ N, 13°45’ E / 19-30 / (2150 BC)4 / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (A B F) / Peat / Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Strønstad, Austvågøya, Lofoten / 68°26’ N, 14°44’ E / 14-18 / 200 BC / Hordeum type / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990, 2012
Gimstadbakken, Lofoten / 68°38’ N, 14°27’ E / 12-15 / 850 BC / Hordeum / Hordeum-t (B F P) / Peat / Vorren 1979, 1986; Vorren and Nilssen 1982, Johansen and Vorren 1986, Vorren et al. 1990
Ibestad, Tromsø / 68° N, 17° E / 16 / No dates / Not specified / – / Peat / Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Hundstad, Kveøy, Tromsø / 68°44’ N, 16°10’ E / 20-251 / (900-300 BC) / Cerealia, Hordeum type / Cerealia-t, Hordeum-t (B F M P) / Soil / Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990