This Guide Is Divided Into Four Sections

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

This guide is divided into four sections.

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

Section 1: General Language Notes

Section 2: Notes by Part of Speech

Section 3: Grammar Notes

Section 4: Practice Sentences

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

General Language Notes:

Latin is a highly inflectedlanguage – words change depending upon their use in a sentence.

Pronunciation of Latin letters does not vary from word to word.

Three key consonants to remember are cand vand g

Vowels may be long or short. Long vowels are marked withmacra/macronWhen two vowels make one sound, the sound is called a dipthong

Language Notes: There are 8parts of speech. Students should, however, note that pronouns and adjectives were given the most attention this year.

INTERJECTIONS – an exclamation that has no grammatical impact on surrounding sentences or phrases.your Latin teacher can only ask two things about an interjection:

what does itmean and what part of speech it is.

Darn! Latin is almost over. Alas, I will miss Latin. Hurray! I will be in Latin III soon.

Give the English for the Latin Interjections below.

eheū alasecce look! euge hurray! heus hey!

NOUNS – person, place, thing, or idea

Nouns have three qualities: number, gender, and case

Nouns in Latin are grouped into five families or declensions

Nouns are declined into various cases, because Latin is inflected.

Hint: Your teacher might ask about a noun’s number, gender, or case.

You might also be asked about the reason that a noun is in a case –

that will be discussed in Part III.

List the six cases in order here:nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative

When you learn a Latin noun, you learn four things: nominative, genitive, gender, definition.

aula, aulae f palace puer, puerī m boyordō, ordinis m row

equus, equī m horsesaxum, saxī n rockmare, maris nsea

manus, manūs f handeffigiēs, effigiēīf statue

To decline a noun, you must know its declension number and stem.

To determine a noun’s declension number, look at the genitive ending

To determine a noun’s stem, look at the genitive without the ending

If the genitive ends in ae, it is a 1st declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem.

If the genitive ends in ī, it is a 2nd declension noun.Remove the ending to find the stem.

If the genitive ends inis, it is a 3rd declension noun.Remove the ending to find the stem.

If the genitive ends in ūs, it is a 4th declension noun.Remove the ending to find the stem.

If the genitive ends in ēī,it is a 5th declension noun.Remove the ending to find the stem.

Decline the following nouns.

1st declension / 2nd declension masculine / 2nd declension neuter / 3rd declension m/f / 3rd declension neuter
Nom / a / us / *
um / ------/ *
------
Gen / ae / ī / ī / is / is
Dat / ae / ō / ō / ī / ī
Acc / am / um / *
um / em / *
------
Abl / ā / ō / ō / e / e
Voc[1] / a / e / um / ------/ ------
Nom / ae / ī / *
a / ēs / *
a
Gen / ārum / ōrum / ōrum / um / um
Dat / īs / īs / īs / ibus / ibus
Acc / ās / ōs / *
a / ēs / *
a
Abl / īs / īs / īs / ibus / ibus
Voc / ae / ī
ī / a / ēs / a

*What is meant by the rule of the netuer? The nominative and the accusative are always the same – the NOMINUSATIVE

4th declension / 5th declension
Nominative / us / ēs
Genitive / ūs / ei
Dative / ūi / ei
Accusative / um / em
Ablative / ū / ē
Vocative / us / ēs
Nominative / ūs / ēs
Genitive / uum / ērum
Dative / ibus / ēbus
Accusative / ūs / ēs
Ablative / ibus / ēbus
Vocative / ūs / ēs

PRONOUNS – take the place of a noun

Whenever you learn a new pronoun, you learn 30 forms! Each pronoun has a masculine, feminine, and neuter form in each case. You did a lot of work this year just learning pronouns! Use the word bank to help you the type of pronoun, and be certain that you can decline each pronoun in the word bank.

Demonstrative pronouns: hic/haec/hoc ille/illa/illud

Personal pronouns: ego/nōs/tū/vōs/is, ea, id

Relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod

ADJECTIVES – modify nouns

Adjectives, like nouns, have three qualities: number, gender, and case.

Adjectives are that friend who ALWAYS agrees with you. Do you want ketchup on your Chinese food? So does the adjective modifying you. Do you want to jump off a cliff? So does the adjective modifying you.

An adjective will ALWAYS agree with the noun that it modifies in what ways?

We have seen two types of adjectives.

First / Second declension adjectives like miser, -a, -um. These are the easiest, because they decline like 1st and 2nd declension nouns.
Third declension adjectives like fortis, forte or ingens. All third declension adjectives are i-stems!

Adjectives have degrees.

To form the comparative adjective, add iorto the base of the positive for the masculine/feminine form.
To form the superlative, add issimusto the base of the positive.
If an adjective ends in –er, form the superlative by adding rimusto the nominative.

PREPOSITIONS – shows relationships (in time or space) between a noun (or pronoun) and another part of the sentence.

There are about 50Latin prepositions, but stop worrying. First, English has 150 prepositions – so suddenly Latin just got a whole lot easier! Second, you only need to know about a dozen Latin prepositions. Give the English for the prepositions below.

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

a/abby/from

adto

apudnear/at the house of

cumwith

dēabout/down from

ē/exout of

inin/on/into/onto

interamong/between

perthrough

postafter

proin front of

propenear

sine without

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

There is an added twist to prepositions – the object of the preposition (OOP). This will be discussed more in Part III.

Ablative prepositions: Is it a Sid P Space preposition? Is it part of the ablative cheer? Then it is followed by an ablative!

Sine

Dē

Pro

Sub

Prae

A/ab

Cum

Ē/ex

CONJUNCTIONS – a word that joins or connects other words, phrases, or clauses

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

etand

postquam after

quamquamalthough

quod because

sedbut

sicutlike

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

ADVERBS – modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Cerberus quite loudly barked at the very sleepy cook. (loudly modifies the verb; quite modifies the adverb; very modifies the adjective)

Some adverbs are formed from adjectives. And – like adjectives – adverb have degrees

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

Some adverbs are not formed from adjectives. These words were learned as vocabulary. Make sure you know all of these adverbs!USE YOUR GLOSSARY

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

cotidiē

cūr

deinde

diū

etiam

heri

hodiē

hūc

iam

igitur

ita

ita vērō

iterum

mox

nōn

nonne?

num?

numquam

nunc

paulisper

postrīdiē

quam

quoque

saepe

semper

simulac

simulatque

statim

subitō

tamen

tandem

tum

ubi

valde

Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015

VERBS

Translate the following verbs.

amat:he/she/it loves

he/she/it is loving

he/she/it does love

amābat:he/she/it was loving

he/she/it used to love

he/she/it began to love

amāvit:he/she/it loved

he/she/it did love

he/she/it has loved

amāverat:he/she/it had loved

Learn the imperative!

The imperative is a fancy word for a command

To form the imperative, use the secondprincipal part.

1st conjugation
curāre / 2nd conjugation
deridēre / 3rd conjugation
frangere / 3rd iō
recipere / 4th conjugation
consentīre
Singular / curā / deridē / frange / recipe / consentī
Plural / curāte / deridēte / frangite / recipite / consentīte

The negative imperative consists of two words: nōlī / nōlīte + 2nd principal part

______/______+ ______principal part

Part III

Latin is a highly inflected language. Nouns (and adjectives and pronouns) change cases to show their grammatical use or function. Here are the grammatical reasons for each case.

Names of casesReason(s) for Case

______

A questionable topic?

But I have a question!

In English, we know that someone is asking a question, because word order is changed.

Sentence: The mother scolds her son.

Question: Does the mother scold her son?

In Latin, word order stays the same, but neis added to the first word of the sentence to make a yes or no question.

Sentence: māter fīlium vituperat.

Question: māterne fīlium vituperat?

Give the expected answer (in Latin) to the following questions.

nōnne māter fīlium vituperat?Surely the mother is scolding her son, isn’t she?

num māter fīlium vituperat?Surely the mother isn’t scolding her son, is she?

Noun/Adjective agreement

Give the correct form of laetus,a,um and crudelis, crudele to describe the underlined noun.

HappyCruel

ancilla fēlēm sacerdotum_____ nōn amat.laetōrumcrudelium
cīvēs _____ leōnēs spectant.laetīcrudelēs
Grumiōancillae _____ basium dedit.laetaecrudelī
mercator cum feminā _____ ambulāvit.laetācrudelī
Quīntus _____ erat.laetuscrudelis
Quīntus operīs _____ pecuniam dedit.laetīscrudelibus
Quīntus vinum _____ bibit.laetumcrudele
Salvius ancillās _____ vituperāvit.laetāscrudelēs
Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.laetōcrudelī
servus ē vīllā Salviī _____ effugit.laetīcrudelis

Practice Sentences

The final section contains English to Latin translation. This is the best way to make sure that you truly know the grammar. Don’t be surprised if you make some mistakes – English to Latin translation is difficult. The trick is to engage your brain in the process. Don’t treat this as a vocabulary exercise – it is a grammar exercise. The answers are online. If you have difficulty accessing the Internet at home, your teacher will ensure that you have the time to check your work at school.

Section I

We wanted to inspect the fields and slaves.
It is easy for the ships to sail across the sea.
Are you (singular) able to save the king?

Section II

The sons of chieftains were approaching the priest of the goddess.
I am in charge of everything.
It is not proper for a slave to block a freedman.
No one pleases Salvius.

Section III

The flowers, which the queen gave Quintus, were very beautiful.
The craftsmen of the king, who killed the slave, had built the temples.
The waves, in which Plotina died, submerged the ship of the sailor.
The wagon, which the horse drags, carries wounded soldiers.

Section IV

It is better for you to flee.
The smallest lion is more fierce than the angriest man.
The most wretched husband gave money to his rather tired wife.

Section V

Those young men hurry to the city. It is large.
Yesterday, that crowd filled these streets.
This doctor grabbed that sponge. He placed it in the wound.
The foolish man spoke to himself.
The god himself spoke these words to me.

Section VI

The citizen bringing the crocodile was my best friend.
We saw the dog taking food out of the kitchen.
You (pl) gave nothing to the woman seeking justice.
The old man saw his mother sitting in the atrium.
We were able to hear the voices of the shouting sailors.

[1]Did you forget how to form the vocative?

Vocative Rule One: The vocative plural is ALWAYS the same as the ___Nom.______Pl.______. No matter what declension or gender.
Vocative Rule Two: The vocative singular is USUALLY the same as the__Nom______Sing______.
Vocative Rule Two Exception A: 2nd declensions that end in –us, change to ___e__.
Vocative Rule Two Exception B: 2nd declensions that end in –ius, change to __i___.