e:
I
_istheoutermostlayer.The__
occupies Earth'scenter.
(:=Temperatureandpressureincreaseinside
.Earthasdepthincreases.
Earth'smainlayersare the solidcrust; the hot,solidmantle;andthecore,whichconsistsof aliquidoutercoreandasolid,denseinnercore.
Convection and theMantle
SC.7.E.6.1
There arethreetypesofheattransfer: radiation,convection, andconduction.
Heatingandcoolingofafluid,changesina fluid'sdensity,andtheforceofgravitycombine tosetconvectioncurrentsinmotion.
•seismicwave(;
Vocabulary
•pressure • crust •basalt
•granite • mantle •lithosphere
•asthenosphere • outercore
•innercore
Ci;Heatfromthecoreandthemantleitself
causesconvectioncurrentsinthemantle.
Vocabulary
•radiation • convection • conduction
•density• convection current
' iiliiCt"ttf&t Classifying Rocks
SC.7.E.6.2
Rocks
Igneous andMetamorphic
(;;Tostudyarocksample,geologistsobserve
the rock's mineral composition, color,and texture.
C-Geologists have classified rocks into three majorgroups:igneousrock,sedimentaryrock, and metamorphicrock.
Vocabulary
•rock-forming mineral • grain •texture
•igneous rock• sedimentary rock
•metamorphicrock
SC.7.E.6.2
(;;)Igneousrocksareclassifiedbytheirorigin, texture, and mineralcomposition.
QMetamorphic rocks form from otherrocksasaresultofheat
or pressure (orboth).
Vocabulary
•extrusiverock
•intrusive rock •foliated
'"SedimentaryRocks
SC.7.E.6.2
"TE..,l!l The RockCycle
SC.7.N.3.2,SC.7.E.6.2
Mostsedimentaryrocksformbyweathering,erosion, deposition, compaction,cementation.
QThreemajor types of sedimentary rocks are elasticrocks,organicrocks,andchemicalrocks.
Peopleusesedimentaryrocksfortoolsand buildingmaterials.
Vocabulary
•sediment • weathering •erosion
•deposition • compaction •cementation
•elasticrock•organicrock•chemicalrock
132Earth'sStructureandMaterials
ForcesdeepinsideEarthandatthesurface produce a slow cycle that builds, destroys, and changestherocksinthecrust.
Vocabulary
•rockcycle
lni:191;1SedimentaryRocks
14.Youfindadepositoforganiclimestone.Inwhat type of setting did it probablyform?
a.theoceanb. avolcano
vr,,,."Whatisthestructureof
. • <:,, •--'='---:......
21.Supposeyoucouldtraveltothecenterof
c.aswamp
d.sanddunes
SC.7.E.6.2
Earth.You must design a special vehiclefor
your journey. What equipment should your
15.Shaleisaelasticrock,meaningthatitforms
when------are squeezedorcementedtogether(orboth).
SC.7.E.6.2
16.NameAcertainrockcontainslarge,jagged pieces of other rocks, cemented by fine particles.Whattypeofrock isthis?Explain.
SC.7.E.6.2
17,l'Q'Wll+lwl'JlilYoufindarockwithfossilsin 'it.Isthisrock more likelyto be a sedimentary ' · rock than an igneous rock?Explain.
vehicle include so that it could travel through each layer of Earth shown below? Also, what conditions should your vehicle be able to with stand? Consider temperature, pressure, and the hardness of each layer ofEarth.
The RockCycle
SC.7.E.6.2
18.Theprocessbywhichmetamorphicrock changestoigneousrockbeginswith
a.melting.
c.deposition.
b.erosion.
d.crystallizationSC.7.E.6.2
19.------··------
canturnigneousrockintosediment.
SC.7.E.6.2
------·-
20. Write Ao.outW
Usethediagramtodescribe
',. ,
twowaysmetamorphicrockcanchangeinto sedimentaryrock.
Melting .
Deposition
Igneousrock
...
lava
134Earth'sStructureandMaterials
Melting
SC.7.E.6.2
.------·------
SC.7.E.6.2
StudyGuide
When light interacts with matter, it canbe or
Waves of the ElectromagneticSpectrum
SC.7.N.1.3, SC.7.N.1.5,SC.7.P.10.1
The sun's energy arrives on Earth as electromagnetic radiation.
(:a, Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies.
ici The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of radio waves, microwaves, infraredrays,visiblelight,ultravioletrays,X-rays, and gammarays.
Vocabulary
•electromagneticwave• electromagnetic radiation •wavelength
•frequency•electromagneticspectrum •radiowaves •microwaves
•infraredrays•visiblelight•ultravioletrays•X-rays•gammarays
-- -... ---
I ljfmtJReflection and Mirrors
,SC.7.P.10.2
(:;Thetwowaysinwhichasurfacecanreflectlightareregularreflection anddiffusereflection.
G;a The three common types of mirrors are plane, concave, andconvex.
Vocabulary
•.ray • regular reflection •image
•diffuse reflection• plane mirror
•virtualimage •concavemirror
I•opticalaxis •focalpoint
1•realimage •convexmirror
"WRefractionand Lenses
SC.7.N.1.6, SC.7.N.1.7, SC.7.N.2.1, SC.7.P.10.2,SC.7.P.10.3
When light hits an object, it can be reflected, refracted, orabsorbed.
(:a The type of image formed by a lens depends on the shape of the lens and the position of the object.
The speed of a wave through a substance depends on physicalproperties.
Vocabulary
•indexofrefraction •mirage •lens
•concave lens • convexlens
338Waves andLight
ReviewandAssessment
RefractionandLenses
11.Acurvedpieceofglassorothertransparent materialthatisusedtorefractlightiscalleda
a.prism.b.lens.
c.mirage.d.mirror.
SC.7.P.10.2
;;;_;;;r.'.:.......
15.Explainthedifferentinteractionsthatcantake place when the beam of light hits the glass tankandthenentersthewater.Whydoesthe beamoflightchangedirectionwhenitenters
12.A
_____lenscanproduceonly
thewater?
virtualimagesbecauseparallellightrayspass ing through the lens nevermeet.
SC.7.P.10.2
13.math!Quartzhasanindexofrefractionof
1.46. Diamond has an index of refractionof
2.42.Inwhichmaterialdoesalightrayenter ingfromairslowdownmore?Explain.
SC.7.P.10.2
14.Explainwhyasoundwavetravelsfasterin water than inair.
------·--
SC.7.P.10.3
SC.7.P.10.2
340Waves andLight
·,mr+·n•sEnergyTransformationsandConservation
SC.7.N.3.1,SC.7.N.3.2,SC.7.P.11.1,SC.7.P.11.2,SC.7.P.11.3
C- When heat is added to a system, the temperature of substances inthesystemincreases.Whenheatisremovedfromthesystem,
temperaturesdecrease.Ifenoughheatisaddedtoorremovedfroma system,substancesinthesystemwillchangestate.
QAsenergyistransformeditisneitherlostnorcreated.Rather,itisconserved.Heatproducedbyfrictionisevidencethatenergyis conserved.
Vocabulary
•energy •state •solid •liquid •gas •freezingpoint •boil •boilingpoint
•potential energy •kineticenergy•energytransformation•lawofconservationofenergy•friction
' •;;£'!ftiel·I.:,Temperature,ThermalEnergy,andHeat
SC.7.P.11.4
Temperatureisa measure of the average kineticenergy of the particlesinanobject.
.,.. Thermalenergyisthetotalenergyofalltheparticlesinanobject.
·,·c
J:so
l f40
solf30
60.=:;:.20
o-=:
::. JO
Vocabulary
1•temperature•Fahrenheitscale•Celsiusscale
•Kelvinscale •absolutezero•heat
The Transfer ofHeat
SC7.P.11.4
Heatistransferredfromwarmerareas tocoolerareasbyconduction,convection, andradiation.
Vocabulary
•convection • convectioncurrent
•radiation •conduction
364Energy andHeat
20 : :. 0
=i=
The Transfer ofHeat
12. What is the process by which heat transfers from one particle of matter to another when the particlescollide?
ft'Howisenergyconservedin
\61·:•• .f.rI....... .
18.Coal can be used to power a steam engine.
a.conduction
c. expansion
b.convection
d.radiation
SC.7.P.11.4
First, coals are burned i n a chamber.The heat produced as the coals burn cause water in a second, nearby chamber to boi l and change to steam. The steam causes airi n the chamberto
13.A convection currentis
__--· ------
expand, driving parts of the steam engine that
turn the engine's wheels. As the wheels turn,
------
SC.7.P.11.4
14.Classify Identify each exam ple of heat transfer as conduction, convection, or radiation: opening the windows i n a hot room; a lizard baski ng in the sun; putting ice on a sprained ankle.
-s,-:1.P.11.4
the engine moves down the tracks. Explain how energy is conserved as coal i n a steam
engine makes the steam enginemove.
15.Infer How can heat betransferredacross empty space? Explain youranswer.
SC.7.P.11.4
16.Make Judgments Suppose you try to heat you r home using a fireplace in one of the rooms.Wouldafanbehelpful?Explain.
-----·------
------·------
-·------
------·
SC.7.P.11.4
17.l'llffl\E@UIA
'/
Explain why a schoolmight
------
askteacherstokeepthewindowsclosedand
the shades down during a heat wave.
SC.7.P.11.4
SC.7.P.11.2,SC.7.P.11.3
366EnergyandHeat
StudyGuide
f(;\EW,.._
Thepursuitofscientificknowledgebeginswithaand endswith
a(n),a(n),oralaw.
earsfltrYScientificExplanation
SC.7.N.1.5,SC.7.N.1.6
QScientistsusemethodssuchasresearching information,designingexperiments,andmaking models to form a scientific explanation. c;Scientificexplanationsarealwaysbasedon
I empiricalevidence.
Vocabulary
•scientificexplanation
•empiricalevidence
•opinion
_...._
\iiiit"t't'Ss'HowScienceChanges
SC.7.N.2.1,SC.7.N.3.1
1 c= Scientific knowledge changes as a resultof
newevidenceornewinterpretationsofexisting
Ievidence.
c;') Unlike a theory,a scientific law describesan
;observedpatterninnaturewithoutattemptingto!
,,Iexplainit.
r,i.,.,,. Vocabulary
i I •scientific theory
:I•scientificlaw
I•:s::r:.rwn
ISC.7.N.3.2
I Ga Scientists use models to understand things theycannot
Iobservedirectly.
c;Asystemisagroupofpartsthatworktogethertoperform
I a function or produce aresult.
c;Scientistsusemodelstounderstandhowsystemswork.
Theyalsousemodelstopredictchangesinasystemasaresult of feedback or input changes.
IVocabulary
I •model•system•input•process•output •feedback
84TheWorldofScience
mmMHow Science Changes
11.What is a statement that describes what scientistsexpecttohappen everytimeundera specificsetofconditions?
ModelsasToolsinScience
16.A model of a system must show the relationship betweenthe
a.input andpredictions.
a.law
c.explanation
b.theory
d.model
SC.7.N.3.1
b.output andpredictions.
c.process and variables.
d.i nput, process, and output.
12. Albert Einstein changed scientificknowledge
about___
SC.7.N.2.1
SC.7.N.3.2
17.Make Models What are some forms that a scientific model couldtake?
13. Infer For years, Pluto wasconsidereda planet. Then, in 2006, it was recategorizedas
a dwarf pla net. Why do you supposescientists
changed Pluto'sstatus?
·------·------
------·------·
SC.7.N.3.2
18.Analyze Models and Systems Choose one technology and explain why it is useful for modelingcomplexsystems.
------
SC.7.N.2.1
14.Apply Concepts For yea rs, scientists noticed that Earth's continents looked as thoug h they could fit together i nto a singlelandmass.The
,1,<1vr.1y(\'Howdoesscientific
SC.7.N.3.2
theory of plate tectonics now explains this observation. Expla i n how this observation could lead to atheory.
------
---·------.. ------
SC.7.N.2.1
15.Compare and Contrast Why do you suppose plate tectonics is a theory and not alaw?
SC.7.N.3.1
86TheWorldofScience
-.?.1.!.fJ...-1.?.P......
19.Two geranium plants are located in a classroom. One day Morgan notices that
one of the plants is turning yellowand
losing l eaves. She wonders why. Describe the methods that she could use to pursue a scientificexplanation.Includeanyempirical evid ence that she may need tocollect.
--
--·--·------
SC.7.N.1.5,SC.7.N.1.6