Table 1.A) Use of the comet assay mirrored by current publications (in vitro studies) in diverse organisms and cell types.Publications are characterized by essential information regarding aim of the work, use of test substances and controls, methodical aspects and evaluation of results. The current work was obtained by a PubMed data base search including publications from January until April 2016 using the search term “comet assay”. Abbreviations not described in the text are given at the end of the table.
Organism / Tissue /Cell type / Aim / Test substance / Control (+, -) / Methodical aspects:
- Lysis (L)
- Oxidized bases (B)
- Alkaline unwinding (U)
- Electrophoresis (E) / Analysis parameter / Data analysis / Statistics / Results / Ref.
Bacteria
(B. substilis) / B. substilis strains / Lytic activity of porodigiosin / Prodigiosin / EtOH (-) / L: 1 h, 37°C, 200 rpm
B:
U:
E: 30 min, 1 V/cm / DNA distribution / Komet 7.0 / One-way ANOVA / Induction of B. subtilis cell lysis / (Danevcic et al. 2016)
Fish
(Oncor-hynchus mykiss) / RTgill-W1, RTL-W1 / Genotoxicity of benzotriazoles (BTRs) / 7 BTRs / H2O2 (+), DMSO (-) / L: 1 h
B:
U: 10 min
E: 10 min, 300 mA, 25 V, 4°C / DI / Visual / Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn’s test / Significant DNA damage was detected in 3 of 7 BTRs / (Zeng et al. 2016)
Hamster (Cricetulus griseus) / CHO-K1 (ovary) / Genotoxicity of herbicide flurochloridone (FLC) and its formulations (FA, FB) / FLC, FA, FB / untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B: 30-45 min, 27°C (EndoIII, FPG)
U: 25 min, 4°C
E: 30 min, 250 mA, 0.8 V/cm / GDI / Visual / One-way ANOVA / Increased DNA damage for all tested substances; DNA damage was not related to oxidative damage / (Soloneski et al. 2016)
Hamster
(Cricetulus griseus) / CHO-K1,
CHO-XRS5
(ovary) / Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) / AgNP / MMS (+), untreated (-) / L: 24 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni test / Concentration-dependent increase of DNA damage by silver nanoparticles / (Souza et al. 2016)
Hamster
(Meso-cricetus auratus/ Cricetulus griseus) / SHE (embryo), V79 (lung) / Genotoxic potential of different crystalline and amorphous silica particles / Natural amorphous silica, partially crystallized silica, quartz silica particles / asbestos (+), MMS (+ in vitro) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B: FPG
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 40 min, 300 mM, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, LSD / No genotoxic effect of silica particles in SHE, amorphous silica induced genotoxic effects in V79 / (Darne et al. 2016)
Hamster
(Cricetulus griseus) / V79 (lung) / Antigenotoxicity of boric acid (BA) / BA / H2O2 (+), untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 24 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, LSD / BA significantly reduces H2O2-induced DNA damage / (Yilmaz et al. 2016)
Human / 16HBE (lung) / Effects of miR-3940-5p in Hexavalent chromium
(Cr (IV)) induced DNA damage / Cr (IV) / L: overnight, 37°C
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 0.6 V/cm / OTM / CASP / Student’s t-test, One-way ANOVA / miR-3940-5p has protective effects on CR (IV) induced DNA damage / (Li et al. 2016b)
Human / A549(lung) / Toxicity of ruthenium methylimidazole complex [Ru(MeIm)4(p-cpip)]2+ (Ru) / NAC, Ru-Complex / L: 1.5 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 20 min, 20 V, Trevigen / Comet yes/no / Visual / One-way ANOVA / Statistically significant and well-formed comets, length of comet tail shortened with NAC (10 mM) added to the cells which were incubated with complexes / (Chen et al. 2016)
Human / A549(lung) / Consistency of comet assay data and protein effect level index (PELI) / 8 environmental pollutants, 4genotoxic chemicals, 4negative controls / L: 2 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 24 V / TI / n. d. / hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis / Data are consistent; PELI with more information / (Lan et al. 2016)
Human / A549(lung) / Genotoxicity of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles and Ni fine particles / Ninanoparticles and Nifine particles / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 24 V / TI / Comet Score / ANOVA, t-test / Both particle forms are genotoxic; Ni nanoparticles are more genotoxic than Ni fine particles / (Magaye et al. 2016)
Human / A549(lung) / Genotoxicity of indium ions released from indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO-NP) / ITO, tin release ITO, InCl3, SnCl2 / untreated cells (-) / L: 4°C
B:
U: 60 min
E: 35 min, 20 V, 4°C / TL / n. d. / Dunnett’s test / Intracellular accumulation of indium ions induced
DNA damage / (Tabei et al. 2016)
Human / BCPAP (thyroid) / Genotoxicity of curcumin in human papillary thyroid carcinoma / Curcumin / untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 30 min, 300 mA / TM / n. d. / Student’s t-test / Dose-dependent increase of DNA damage after curcumin treatment / (Zhang et al. 2016b)
Human / BEAS-2B (lung) / Antigenotoxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NP) in a pulmonary-like cell system / CeO2-NP / KBrO3 (+), untreated (-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B: 30 min, 37°C (FPG)
U: 25 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 0.8 V/cm, 4°C / TI / Komet 5.5 / One-way ANOVA, Tukeys‘ test / KBrO3-induced (oxidative) DNA damage was significantly reduced by CeO2-NP / (Rubio et al. 2016)
Human / BEAS-2B
(lung) / Genotoxicity of poorly soluble cobalt oxide particles (Co3O4P) compared to CoCl2 / Co3O4P, CoCl2 / untreated cells (-) / L: n. d.
B:
U: 30 min, 37°C (FPG, hOGG1)
E: 20 min, 300-315 mA, 25 V, 4°C / TI / Komet 6.0 / One-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test / Genotoxic effects of Co3O4P are not simply due to the
released Co2+ but are induced by the particles themselves, as genotoxicity is observed at very low Co3O4P
concentrations / (Uboldi et al. 2016)
Human / BEL-7402 (liver) / Genotoxicity of 4 ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes / 4 ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes / L: 2 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / Comet yes/no / Visual / n. d. / Comets available; no quantification / (Lai et al. 2016)
Human / BEL-7402 (liver) / Genotoxicity of ruthenium (II) complexes / 4 ruthenium (II) complexes / untreated cells (-) / L: 2 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / Comet yes/no / Visual / n. d. / Significant DNA damage after treatment with ruthenium (II) complexes / (Zhang et al. 2016a)
Human / Caco-2 (colon) / Genotoxicity of IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolone) and 7-OH-IQ / IQ, 7-OH-IQ / minimal culture medium (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 30 mA, 0.73 V/cm, 8°C / TI / Komet 3.0 / One-way ANOVA / Genotoxicity was 3 times higher for 7-OH-IQ than for IQ / (Nowak et al. 2016)
Human / CCD 841 (colon) / Synergistic effects of black tea extracts and lactic acid bacteria on antigenotoxicity in human colonocytes / Tea (fermented by 2 lactic acid bacteria) pretreatment / H2O2 (+), untreated cells (-) / L: n. d.
B: 30 min, 37°C (FPG)
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 1.0 V/cm, 4°C / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test / H2O2-induced oxidative lesions, compared to the strand breaks, were more
efficiently restored in cells with tea pre-incubation, especially
with the fermented ones / (Zhao et al. 2016)
Human / Eca-109 (esophagus), SMMC-7721 (liver) / Genotoxicity of a phenanthroimidazole
derivative (L233) / L233 / untreated cells
(-) / L: 4 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 30 min, 20 V/cm / Comet yes/no / Visual / n. d. / L233 showed significant DNA damage / (Zhen et al. 2016)
Human / FHL124 (lens) / DNA repair mediated by PARP-1 in human lens after H2O2-treatment / siRNA-mediated PARP-1-depletion, AG14361 (PARP-1-inhibitor) / H2O2 (+) / L: 1 h
B:
U: 30 min
E: 30 min, 1.0 V/cm / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test / PARP-1-inhibition significantly increases DNA damage level for both AG14361 and siRNA-mediated PARP-1 knockdown / (Smith et al. 2016)
Human / Ca9-22, HGF-1 (gingival) / Influence of sinuleptolide on DNA damage / Sinuleptolide / DMSO (-) / L: soaking, 4°C
B:
U: n. d.
E: 25 min, 300 mA, 20 V / TI / Comet
Score / Student’s t-test / DNA damage increased dose-responsively / (Chang et al. 2016b)
Human / H460, A549 (lung) / Genotoxicity of enoxacin analog LZ-106 (with/without pretreatment of NAC) / LZ-106, NAC (-,+) / untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h
B:
U: n. d.
E: 20 min, 22 V / TL, TM, OTM / CASP / One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test / Time-dependent increase of DNA damage after LZ-106 treatment and alleviated genotoxicity after NAC-pretreatment / (Yang et al. 2016a)
Human / HaCaT (skin), UMSCC10B (head/neck), HN30 (pharynx) / Genotoxicity of short- and long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure / E-cigarette vapor, nicotine / untreated
(-) / n. d. / TL / Comet Score / Student’s t-test / E-cigarettes show significant DNA damage independently from nicotine / (Yu et al. 2016)
Human / HBE (lung) / Effects of radon and sodium arsenite on DNA damage in HBE cells / Radon and sodium arsenite / L: Jiang et al 2012
B:
U: 1 h
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 20 V / TI, TL, OTM / CASP / One-way ANOVA, Student’s t-test / Radon and sodium arsenite show synergistic effects on DNA damage in HBE cells; enhanced DSB were detected / (Liu et al. 2016a)
Human / HCT 116 (colon) / Genotoxicity of stem bark extracts from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) / Extract from C. odontophyllum stem bark / menadione (+), medium (-) / L: 24 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TM (A.U), TI / n. d. / One-way ANOVA / Significant increase in DNA damage / (Basri et al. 2016)
Human / HCT116 (colon), A375 (skin), MCF7 (breast) / Genotoxicity of fungi extracts from Neosartorya laciniosa (E2) and N. fischeri (E3) / Fungi extracts (E2 and E3) / Doxorubicin (+), untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 40 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 21 V / TI / Comet Score / One-way ANOVA, Student’s t-test / Significant DNA damage for E2 in all tested cells and for E3 in MCF7 / (Ramos et al. 2016)
Human / HEK293 (kidney) / Antigenotoxic effects of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) / MMS / untreated, vector (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA / TM / Komet 5.5 / One-way ANOVA, paired t-test / Protection of Trx1 against MMS-induced DNA damage at lower concentrations / (Gu et al. 2016)
Human, rat
(Rattus norwegicus) / HEK-293, NRK-52E (kidney) / Genotoxicityand DNA repair capacity of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its metabolites / 3-MCPD and its metabolites / H2O2 (+) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B: 1 h, 37°C (EndoIII, FPG)
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / Mann-Whitney U-test / Increased DNA damage and H2O2 sensitivity; no association between oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair capacity / (Ozcagli et al. 2016)
Human / HeLa (cervix) / Formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) by UVA-activated psoralen / 8-MOP (methoxypsoralen), 8-POP (propargyloxypsoralen), irradiation with UVA light / DMSO (-) , H2O2 (200 µM) (+) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 60 min
E: 30 min, 30 V, 4°C / A.U. / Visual / n. d. / UVA-activated 8-MOP und 8-POP reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage (generation of ICLs) / (Evison et al. 2016)
Human / Hep3B (liver) / Genotoxic effects of disulfiram and 2 disulfiram-loaded polysorbate 80-stabilized PLGA nanoparticles (PS80-DNPs) / DSF, PS80-DNPs / untreated (-), PS80-ENPs (-) / L: 4 h, 4°C
B:
U: 40 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 20 V / HDNA, TI, TM, OTM / Open
Comet / n. d. / Increasing genotoxic effects with increasing DSF concentrations, less genotoxic effects by PS80-DNPs / (Hoda et al. 2016)
Human / HEPG2(liver) / Characterisation of genotoxic effects of quercetol / Quercetol / untreated cells (-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 15 V (0.8 V/cm), 4°C / TI / Komet 5.0 / One-way ANOVA / Significant increase in DNA damage / (Ali et al. 2016)
Human / HEPG2(liver) / Genotoxic effects of polysaccharides from Pleurotus nebrodensis (PNA-2) / PNA-2 / medium (-) / L: 1 h
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 25 V / TL / Visual / One-way ANOVA / DNA damage significantly increased with increasing concentrations of PNA-2 / (Cui et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and arecoline / Arecoline, BaP alone and in combination / vehicle control (-) / Trevigen
L: 1 h
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 20 V (~1.6 V/cm) / Classes of comets / Visual / Two-tailed Student's t-test / Enhancement of the genotoxicity of BaP by arecoline through suppression of DNA repair / (Huang et al. 2016)
Human / HEPG2(liver) / Detoxification efficiency of bacto-algal treatment of landfill leachate / Test samples: untreated, baterial treated, algal treated, bacterial + algal tretaed / MilliQ (-), BaP (+) / L: overnight
B:
U: 20 min
E: 15 min, 25 V / TI, TM, OTM / Open Comet / ANOVA, Dunnett`s test / Reduced genotoxicity of bacterial and algal treated landfill leachate / (Kumari et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of prochloraz on human cells / Prochloraz / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 40 min
E: 10 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test, Spearman correlation test / Significant DNA damage at prochloraz concentrations higher than 50 µM / (Lundqvist et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of Cr(IV), Cr(III)-nitrate and Cr(III)-EDTA complex / Cr(IV), Cr(III)-nitrate, Cr(III)-EDTA / BaP(a)pyren (+), untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test / Cr(IV) and Cr(III)-nitrate with DNA damage; Cr(III)-EDTA with no significant DNA damage / (Novotnik et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of pesticides methyl parathion (MP) and chlorpyrifos (CP) / MP, CP / untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 30 min, 1.0 V/cm / DFI, TL / n. d. / n. d. / Significant DNA damage for both MP and CP; MP is more toxic than CP / (Patnaik et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) / 2,3,7,8-TCDD / untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h
B:
U: 20 min
E: n. d. / OTM / Komet 4.0 / Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Willis H test, Bonferroni / Significant DNA damage for all tested concentrations (0.25 to 25 nM) / (Phark et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of two flame-retards (BDE-47, BDE-32) / BDE-47, BDE-32 / untreated (-) / L: overnight
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 0.7 V/cm / TI, TL, OTM / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA / Significant DNA damaging for both BDE-47 and BDE-32 / (Saquib et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of cadmium chloride / Cadmium chloride / untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TL, DNA cleavage / LAI’s Comet Assay
Analysis System / Dunnett’s test / Concentration-dependent DNA damage caused by cadmium chloride / (Skipper et al. 2016)
Human / HepG2(liver) / Genotoxicity of membrane concentrates (MC) of landfill leachates before and after
Fenton and UV-Fenton reagent / Untreated concentrates, UV Fenton, Fenton / H2O2 (+), untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 30 min, 25 V / TI, OTM / CASP / ANOVA / Significant increase of DNA damage for all concentrates compared to control; significant decrease of Fenton/UV Fenton treated cells compared to untreated MC / (Wang et al. 2016a)
Human / hESC (embryo), HT1080 (connective tissue), IMR90 (lung) / Evaluating the role of chromatin structure on the extent of DNA damage and repair / Ionizing irradiation / non-irradiated (-) / L: n. d.
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 1.0 V/cm / total intensity, TI, TL, TM, OTM, / ImageJ / n. d. / Genotoxicity found for all cell lines after irradiation; highest DNA damage found for hESC / (Venkatesh et al. 2016)
Human / HFPGL60 (peripheral blood) / Evaluation of RARα-mediated DNA damage by synergistic effects of all-trans
retinoic acid (ATRA) and topotecan (TPT) / ATRA, TPT, TPT+ATRA / TPT 200 nM (+), untreated (-) / L: 90 min
B:
U: 20 min
E: 15 min / TI, TM / n. d. / Student’s t-test / ATRA downregulates RARα-protein and led to higher DNA damage; highest effect was observed for ATRA+TPT / (Xu et al. 2016)
Human / HUVEC(vascular endothelium) / Genotoxicity of few-layer grapheme (FLG) / FLG / H2O2 (+), untreated (-) / n. d. / TI / Visual / n. d. / Significant DNA damage after grapheme treatment / (Sasidharan et al. 2016)
Human / HaCaT (skin) / Evaluation of non-thermal dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma damages / DBD, NAC / untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 40 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V, 4°C / TI, TL / Komet 5.5 / ANOVA, Tukey`s test / Significant induction of DNA damage by DBD due to oxidative stress / (Kim et al. 2016)
Human / HaCaT (skin) / Photogenotoxic potential 2-Amino-3-hydroxypyridine (A132) / A132 , irradiation / untreated, dark, UV-B control (-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 15 V (0.8 V/cm), 4°C / TI, OTM / n. d. / One-way ANOVA, Tukey`s test / Significant photogenotoxic potential of A132 upon UV-B irradiation / (Goyal et al. 2016)
Human / KYSE510 (esophagus) / Genotoxicity of alternariol (AOH) / AOH / BaP (+), UV light (+), DMSO (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B: n. d.
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA / Minimal genotoxic effect observed / (Pahlke et al. 2016)
Human / Leukocytes / Genotoxicity of hydroethanolic mangosteen extract (HEGM) / HEGM, alpha-mangostin / H2O2 (1, 0.5, 0.25 mM) (+), DMSO (-), EtOH (-) / L: 8 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 25 V/cm, 4°C / GDI / Visual / ANOVA, Tukey`s test / No significant DNA damage of HEGM, significant antigenotoxic effects of HEGM and alpha-mangostin / (Carvalho-Silva et al. 2016)
Human / Fibroblasts (lung, skin) / Protection from UVA-induced DNA damage by root phytochemicals derived from Althea officinalis (AL) and Astragalus
membranaceus (AS) / Extracts from roots of AL and AS, irradiation (UVA + visible light) / no extract (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 1 h, RT
E: 24 min, 275 mM, 20 V / TI / Comet Assay II / Mann-Whitney U-test / Significant reduction of UVA-induced DNA damage / (Curnow et al. 2016)
Human / TK6 (lympho-blastoid) / Dose-response of low concentrations of 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) / 4NQO /
Medium (-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B: hOGG1
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 0.7 V/cm, 4°C / TI / Comet Assay IV / Student’s paired t-test / Increase in DNA damage at higher concentrations (0.04; 0.06 µg/ml) / (Brusehafer et al. 2016)
Human / Lymphocytes / Genotoxicity of pharmaceutical wastewater / 6 concentrations of effluents / DMSO (+), distilled water (-) / L: 10 h, 4°C
B:
U: n. d.
E: 30 min, 300 mA, 24 V / DI / Visual / One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test / Decreasing DNA damage index with increasing dilution of the wastewater sample / (Sharif et al. 2016)
Human / Lymphocytes / genotoxicity of the fecal water of chickens fed
ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed with and without
probiotic preparation (PP) / OTA, PP, OTA + PP / H2O2 (+), RPMI 1640 Medium (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 30 mA, 0.73 V/cm, 4°C / TI / Lucia Comet Assay / Two-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s multiple comparison test / DNA damage observed for OTA was decreased after supplementation of chicken feed with PP / (Slizewska et al. 2016)
Human / Lymphocytes / Genotoxicity of monosodium glutamate / Monosodium glutamate (MSG) / untreated cells (-), 100 mM H2O2 (+) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TL, TI, TM / Comet Assay IV / t-test / Significant increase in DNA damage / (Ataseven et al. 2016)
Human / Lymphocytes, A549 (lung) / Characterization of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE)-induced comet assay effects / (±)-anti-BPDE, (+)-anti-BPDE / medium (-), enzyme buffer (-), FPG-protein (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B: FPG, APC
U: 25 min (lymphocytes), 20 min (A549)
E: 25 min, 20 min, 0.86 V/cm / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Dunnett`s test, Tukey-Kramer, Two-way ANOVA / Significant increase in DNA damage [(±)-anti-BPDE, (+)-anti-BPDE; 2 h]; (+)-anti-BPDE significantly enhanced DNA damage compared to (±)-anti-BPDE (16 h, 18 h); absence of FPG-sensitive sites; significant excision repair activity of lymphocytes to BPDE / (Bausinger et al. 2016)
Human / MCF-7 (breast) / Genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Adenium obesum leaf extract (AOAgNPs) / AOAgNPs / Doxorubicin (+) / L: 2 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TCS / Visual / Student`s t-test, One-way ANOVA, Dunnett`s test / Significant increase of DNA damage / (Farah et al. 2016)
Human / MCF-7, HB4a (breast) / Selective genotoxicity of salinomycin / Salinomycin / doxorubicin (+), untreated cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TI, TL / Visual / Dunnett’s test / Genotoxic effect of salinomycin only in tumor cells (MCF-7) / (Niwa et al. 2016)
Human / MCF7, MDA-MB-231 (breast) / Role of phosphorylated KIBRA (an estrogen receptor transcriptional co-activator) in DNA damage repair / n. d. / L: 18 h
B:
U: n. d.
E: 20 min, 150 mA, 25 V / OTM / CASP / One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test / Phosphorylation 40 on KIBRA is essential for optimal DNA DSB repair in cancer cells / (Mavuluri et al. 2016)
Human / MRC-5 (lung) / Protective effect of plants extracts (Allium flavum and Allium melanatherum) against t-butyl hydro-peroxide (t-BOOH)-induced DNA damage / A. flavum and A. melanatherum extract / t-BOOH (+), media (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V, 4°C / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-test / Significant reduction of t-BOOH-induced DNA damage (up to 70 %) / (Mitic-Culafic et al. 2016)
Human / MRC-5 (lung) / Genotoxicity of water-soluble fraction of size-segregated urban particulate
matter (PM) / Subset of 5 PM extracts / healthy control cells (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 40 min, 4°C
E: 30 min, 350 mA, 21 V / TI / Comet Assay IV / Mann-Whitney U-test / Significant DNA damage for all 5 subsets of PM compared to control / (Velali et al. 2016)
Human / CNE1, 5-8 F (naso-pharynx) / Effect of inhibiting the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex on radiosensivity to irradiation (IR) / Adenovirus (Ad)-RAD50 infected cells / uninfected cells (-) / 4Gy IR alone, Ad-RAD50 infection alone, Ad-RAD50 with 4Gy IR and empty-Ad with 4Gy IR / Trevigen, neutral comet assay / MTM / CASP / Student’s t-test / Significant increase in DSB in Ad-RAD50-infected cells compared to other groups / (Chang et al. 2016a)
Human / NCI-H520 (lung) / Genotoxicity of cuminaldehyde (CA) in lung carcinoma cells / CA / untreated cells
(-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B:
U: n. d.
E: 25 min, 40 mA, 0.6 V/cm / TI, TM / Comet Assay II / One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni / Significant DNA damage after CA treatment / (Yang et al. 2016b)
Human / SH-SY5Y (bone marrow) / Genotoxicity of piperazine designer drugs / 4 different piperazine derivates / untreated cells, DMSO (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min, 4°C Electrophoresis 20 min, 30 V (1.1 V/cm), 4°C / TI / Comet Assay IV / One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni / No effect / (Arbo et al. 2016)
Human / NHDF (skin), MCF7 (breast) / Antigenotoxic effects of amifostine / Amifostine, WR-1065, irradiation /untreated, no irradiation (-) / L: 1.5 h
B: T4EndoV
U: 40 min, 4°C
E: 15 min, 300 mA, 25 V (1.06 V/cm), 6°C / TM / CASP / Mann-Whitney U-test / Amifostine treatment supports DSB repair in γ-irradiated normal NHDF fibroblasts but alters it in MCF7 carcinoma cells / (Hofer et al. 2016)
Human / NHEK (skin) / Genotoxicity of mineral oils (MOs) used in printing inks / 15 different MOs / BaP (+), MMS (+), DMSO (-) / L: overnight, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 30 min, 450 mA, 30 V / TI / Comet Imager / Dunnett’s test / Only 2 of 15 MOs showed significant DNA damage potential / (Tarnow et al. 2016)
Human / PBMC / Antigenotoxicity of hydroxytyrosol / Hydroxytyrosol / H2O2 (+), untreated (-) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 20 min
E: 20 min, 300 mA, 25 V / TM / Comet Assay II / Student’s t-test / Pre-incubation of hydroxytyrosol significantly decreases the H2O2-induced DNA damage / (Rosignoli et al. 2016)
Human / Peripheral lymphocytes / Genotoxic effects of catechins in the absence and presence of copper ions [Cu(II)] / Catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Cu(II) / untreated (-), TBHP (+) / L: 1 h, 4°C
B:
U: 30 min
E: 300 mA, 0.7 V/cm, 4°C / TL / Komet 5.5 / Student`s t-test, ANOVA / C, EC, EGC and EGCG cause cellular DNA breakage which was enhanced in the presence of copper ions / Catechins reduce THBP-induced DNA damage / (Farhan et al. 2016)
Human / PMBC / Antigenotoxic effects of Gelidiella acerosa extract towards 2,3,7,8-TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)-mediated toxicity / TCDD, TCDD + G. acerosa, G. acerosa alone / vehicle control (-) / L: overnight
B:
U: n. d.
E: 20 min, 25 V / TI, TM, OTM / Auto
Comet / Mann-Whitney U-test / Significant reduction of TCDD-induced genotoxicity / (Kalaiselvan et al. 2016)