Fishery Management Plan
Phillips Lake Chain, Price County, Wisconsin
February 2008
Prepared by:
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Jeff Scheirer, Senior Fisheries Biologist at Park Falls
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
And
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Dave Neuswanger, Fisheries Team Leader
Upper Chippewa Basin at Hayward
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This is a long-term strategic plan that will guide our fishery management efforts on the Phillips Lake Chain (Duroy, Elk, Long, and Wilson lakes) for many years to come. We believe our fishery management plans should be based upon a shared vision that is developed by combining broad-based survey information from statewide anglers and interactive input from local stakeholders. From those sources we determine user preferences in light of ecosystem capability. We believe the goals of a good plan must reflect the shared vision between users and managers; and measurable objectives must be set so we know whether selected strategies are succeeding or failing. We believe in making good tries and learning from failure. Part of that process involves amending strategic plans (like this document) when failure dictates that we either develop more realistic objectives or change our strategies to achieve realistic objectives. This plan should be updated as needed in the decades that follow.
We call this a “long-term strategic plan” because the goals and objectives are relatively timeless, and because we have neither the wisdom nor the authority to commit DNR or partner resources to a specific operational schedule of funding and action. Each year will bring its own fiscal constraints and operational priorities, so we must remain flexible in our implementation of proposed actions. Because there are so many complex and inter-related strategies, we have chosen to forego the lengthy process required to secure statewide DNR approval at this time. We will do our best to justify actions we believe necessary to realize our shared vision to DNR leaders and the general public as time and circumstances permit. We promise only to consult this plan annually as we allocate our time and resources to the many important projects before us. We thank WDNR Water Resources Biologist Craig Roesler for sharing data and insights from the aquatic plant survey conducted on Wilson Lake in September of 2007, thereby helping us to develop an appropriate perspective on aquatic plant management as it affects fishery management.
We also thank the Phillips Chain O’Lakes Association for hosting our local stakeholder visioning session at the Phillips High School Auditorium on March 18, 2005. Their support for this process and this plan has given us the energy and enthusiasm needed to pursue implementation and to expand this process to other lakes in Price County and the Upper Chippewa Basin.
We especially thank the 24 local stakeholders who gave up an entire Friday evening in order to help us develop the vision that forms the backbone of this plan. We are very pleased to incorporate their input at this appropriate stage in the planning process; and we look forward to their continued support for the actions we believe will be necessary to achieve the shared vision. We can settle for nothing less in an area where the quality of fishing means so much to our livelihoods and our quality of life.
-- Jeff Scheirer and Dave Neuswanger
BACKGROUND
Habitat Characteristics and Productivity
The Phillips Chain of Lakes is comprised of 1,236 acres of impounded water along the Elk River, making it one of the largest waterbodies in Price County (second only to the Pike Chain of Lakes in total surface area). About 40% of the area of these impoundments lies within the city limits of Phillips, Wisconsin in central Price County. Before dam construction, the waters presently known as Duroy, Elk, and Long lakes were natural lakes. In their unimpounded condition, Duroy and Elk lakes had expansive surface areas and moderate depths (8 to 15 feet), whereas Long Lake had a narrow, elongated shape and a maximum depth of about 44 feet. Wilson Lake, now sometimes called Wilson Creek Flowage, did not exist before these waters were dammed. Historically, Wilson Creek entered the Elk River as a narrow tributary coursing through a wetland.
The Tannery Dam, built in 1880 near the Highway 13 bridge and razed sometime between 1933 and 1941, increased the level of Elk and Duroy lakes about five feet. Construction of Jobes Dam in 1934 formed the present-day reservoir complex, raising the elevation of the entire chain of lakes about 10 feet above the natural water level. Jobes Dam failed in 1943, and it was rebuilt later that year. The modern-day structure is an earthen dike 16 feet high and 285 feet long. The gated spillways, which were renovated in 1995, facilitate control of reservoir level over a 10-foot range. The dam is owned and operated by Price County and regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The permit authorization for Jobes Dam includes no requirement for minimum reservoir elevation. Reservoir level is maintained 6 inches below normal in winter in order to prevent shoreline erosion.
Long Lake has a deep and steep-sided basin with coarse substrates in a relatively narrow littoral zone near shore (Table 1). In contrast, the basin of Wilson Lake is relatively flat and shallow with fine substrate rich in organic material, characteristics reminiscent of the wetlands in this area before impoundment. The basin features of Duroy and Elk lakes are somewhat intermediate between those of Long and Wilson.
Table 1. Selected physical characteristics of the Phillips Chain of Lakes.
Duroy / Elk / Long / WilsonSurface Area
(acres) / 348 / 88 / 418 / 350
Shoreline Length
(miles) / 8.0 / 2.7 / 11.8 / 9.3
Maximum Depth (feet) / 18 / 25 / 54 / 11
% Surface Area
< 3 feet deep / 27 / 12 / 8 / 16
Substrate / Boulder / -- / -- / xx / --
Rubble / -- / -- / xx / xx
Gravel / 12 / 15 / xx / xx
Sand / 72 / 80 / xx / xx
Muck / 16 / 5 / xx / xx
The watershed or land area that drains into the Phillips Chain encompasses 216 square miles of forest with numerous wetlands. Some limited livestock grazing, hay and row crop cultivation, and dairy production take place; but for the most part there is very little agriculture in the watershed. Seven streams flow into the chain, including the Elk River, the Little Elk River, Squaw Creek, and Wilson Creek. The Department’s Inventory of Dams lists at least 17 large and small dams on various tributaries upstream from Jobes Dam. We found no recorded measurements of streamflow in the Elk River. However, based on drainage area and average runoff (12.5 inches per year), the average discharge from Jobes Dam was estimated at 199 cubic feet per second over the course of a typical year
Water clarity is relatively low in the Phillips Chain. In summer, average Secchi disk visibility ranges from 3.1 feet in Wilson Lake to 4.2 feet in Long Lake. Dissolved organic compounds draining from wetlands contribute brown-stained water to the Chain. Along with the dark water color in each lake (averaging 90 to 148 platinum-cobalt units in summer), abundant algae also contribute to low water clarity. Severe blue-green algae blooms occur most frequently in Wilson Lake and occasionally in Elk and Long lakes. Low water clarity inhibits light penetration and limits the maximum depth where rooted aquatic plants can grow.
High concentrations of total phosphorus (the nutrient most responsible for high algal production) and chlorophyll a, an index of algal biomass, allow us to classify the Phillips Chain as eutrophic. Eutrophic waters are enriched with nutrients, making them very fertile and biologically productive. In summer, average phosphorus concentration in each lake ranges from 61 to 72 parts per billion, and chlorophyll a concentrations range from 9 to 28 parts per billion. Most of the phosphorus originates from natural sources, and its concentration is higher than expected in an undeveloped watershed. Musser Flowage, located on the Elk River about 7 miles upstream from the Phillips Chain, is also considered eutrophic. Other potential sources of phosphorus in the water column include agricultural, urban, and residential runoff, discharge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant, and lake sediment.
The Phillips Chain of Lakes and the Elk River are considered soft-water systems, based on low calcium hardness in the four lakes (38-50 parts per million) and the low alkalinity of Elk and Wilson lakes (45-46 parts per million). Average pH is nearly neutral to slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.2 to 7.8 in the four lakes.
Because summer thermal stratification in Duroy and Wilson Lakes is weak and intermittent, formation of a true hypolimnion (cold bottom layer of water deficient in dissolved oxygen) is rare. Shallow average depth allows wind-induced currents to keep Duroy and Wilson lakes well mixed most of the time. However, very low dissolved oxygen concentrations have been measured in the bottom 3 feet of water in both lakes during calm periods in late summer. By contrast, Elk and Long lakes typically develop a pronounced and stable summer thermocline. Very low dissolved oxygen concentrations are commonly present at depths below 10 to 13 feet in late summer. Low dissolved oxygen concentration near the bottom allows phosphorus to be released from lake sediment. Phosphorus levels increase in each lake as summer progresses.
Human Development and Public Access
The perimeter of the Phillips Chain borders on a mix of developed frontage and natural shorelands that support a variety of land uses. The shoreline of Duroy and Elk lakes retains much of its natural character, even though these waters are adjacent to a city with 1,500 residents. The wetland topography prevents development on the east side of Duroy, and several parkways and open areas on Elk Lake have been set aside for public recreation, including athletic fields, a river walkway, a swimming beach, a playground, and picnic areas.
Most shoreland residential development on the Chain is concentrated on Wilson and Long lakes, yet much of the shoreline on these lakes also has natural vegetative cover. Other land uses surrounding the Phillips Chain include the Price County Fairgrounds, the Price County Airport, a golf course, two cemeteries, and several manufacturing industries that specialize in forest products, plastics, packaging machinery, and metal plating. The sewage treatment plant discharges municipal and industrial wastewater and the plastics manufacturing company discharges non-contact cooling water into Elk Lake under permits issued by the Department.
Outdoor recreation is important to the local economy in Price County. The permit which authorized construction of Jobes Dam lists recreation as its primary purpose. The Chain of Lakes offers diverse recreational opportunities for local residents and visitors year round, including fishing, waterfowl hunting, trapping, wildlife viewing, boating, and camping. Several traditional resorts and long-established businesses provide services for recreational activities, including restaurants, private campgrounds, boat and cabin rental, and bait shops. All services commonly found in a small city are available within walking distance from Elk and Duroy lakes.
Public boat access to the Chain is sufficient to accommodate the demand without crowding. Improved boat landings with concrete ramps, boarding piers, and parking for vehicles and trailers provide no-fee access to Elk Lake from County Highway H and to Wilson Lake from County Highway W. Additional boat access with fewer improvements is available from several town roads and private sites on all four lakes. Most recreational watercraft, including most pontoon boats, can navigate through the large culvert under Highway W that connects Wilson Creek Flowage and Long Lake.
Anglers can fish from shore at many sites on the Chain, including the fishing pier and river walkway on Elk Lake, the downtown frontage on Duroy Lake, all public boat landings, and road right-of-ways. The tailwaters also offer shorefishing opportunities, but that portion of the Elk River extending 500 feet downstream of Jobes Dam is a fish refuge where nobody may fish from April 15th to June 15th.
Aquatic Community Overview
Aquatic plants provide food and cover for many species and life stages of aquatic invertebrates and fish, especially young bluegill. Emergent and submergent plants also serve our interests by dampening wave action that might otherwise exacerbate shoreline erosion. We have made the following qualitative observations about aquatic plants in Duroy, Elk, and Long lakes:
• Duroy Lake
– Aquatic plants are common around much of the shoreline.
– Rooted plants grow to a maximum depth of 4½ feet.
– Eurasian water milfoil, first reported in 2000, has become well established.
• Elk Lake
– Aquatic plants are lacking around much of the shoreline.
– Plant distribution is limited by steep drop-offs, coarse substrate, poor water clarity, and possibly contaminants in the sediment.
– Aquatic plants occur only in two very small bays and the channel to Long Lake.
• Long Lake
– Aquatic plants are sparse around much of shoreline.
– Plant growth is limited by steep drop-offs, coarse substrate, and low water clarity.
– Plant beds are dense in some shallow bays.
On September 14-15, 2007, WDNR performed a survey of the aquatic plant community in Wilson Lake (225 sites sampled) in order to document the status of invasive Eurasian water milfoil (first reported in 2002) and to provide information that might be useful in evaluating control options. Aquatic plants were common around much of shoreline and were dense in most areas with muck substrate. The percent relative frequency (frequency of occurrence divided by frequency of occurrence of all species, times 100) of Eurasian water milfoil was higher than any other plant species (25%), but desirable species such as coontail and elodea also were well represented (17% relative frequency for both species). The highest densities of Eurasian water milfoil in Wilson Lake were observed at depths of 3 to 6 feet where it clearly created a nuisance to navigation, though almost half the 29 sites sampled at depths of 7 to 8 feet in mucky substrate still had detectable Eurasian water milfoil.
In 2005 the Phillips Chain O’Lakes Association requested an over-winter drawdown to reduce the amount of Eurasian water milfoil (EWM) in the Chain. WDNR, working with lake association volunteers, found that EWM had declined substantially in all four lakes since 2002, so drawdown plans were placed on hold. We observed numerous milfoil weevils -- both adults and larvae -- feeding on EWM. Most surviving plants were heavily damaged and had few remaining leaves. Invasive, plant-eating rusty crayfish may have acted in concert with weevils to control EWM in the Phillips Chain more effectively than in other lakes. Unfortunately, density of EWM seems to have increased again in 2006 and 2007, prompting renewed interest in fall/winter drawdown as a potential EWM control method in 2008/2009 and periodically thereafter.
The benefits of a fall/winter drawdown to control Eurasian water milfoil in Wilson Lake must be balanced against the potential negative consequences, including the risks of inducing an oxygen-depletion fish kill and of upsetting the balance between predatory and prey fish. (Concentrating small, young fish into a much-reduced winter pool area could result in near loss of entire year classes of several fish species due to facilitated predation by large adult fish.) A lesser concern is the potential for greater harvest efficiency in a reduced pool area by ice anglers during drawdown years. However, if drawdowns are conducted for EWM control only once every five years or so, increased angler harvest during drawdown years should not compromise our ability to achieve fishery objectives. In addition to these ecological concerns, a planned drawdown in fall of 1996 was suspended because of complaints from several lakeside residents who experienced problems with malfunctioning wells and deteriorating water quality.
In spite of the physical limitations affecting plant growth in Elk and Long lakes (low water clarity, coarse substrate, and narrow littoral zone), we believe the areas of suitable habitat in this nutrient-rich ecosystem should support a plant community with greater diversity and higher density than has been observed in the past. Problems with aquatic plant growth may be related to contamination from a metal plating company that formerly discharged its wastewater into Elk Lake. Sediment samples taken from Elk Lake three decades ago had concentrations of chromium and copper exceeding levels lethally toxic to small, bottom-dwelling organisms called benthos. No remediation was required at that time because those metals did not accumulate in fish flesh. Some scientists speculate that levels of chromium and copper that are toxic to benthos might also inhibit aquatic plant growth. A recent analysis indicated that chromium and copper concentrations have decreased somewhat in the Phillips Chain, probably due to dilution by sediments deposited since the initial testing.