Below are the key points of the past 6 lectures. I have placed hints in blue to help answer the questions. SOME answers are given in red (if they were tricky…). You can find the rest, I’m sure!!!

  1. What is the main thing that happens during interphase? Is it necessary for mitosis?
  1. Division of the nucleus, called mitosis, occurs before division of the cytoplasm, called ______.
  1. During anaphase, ______, which are genetically (identical/different), are separated.(This anaphase must be a part of meiosis because it does not have a I or II after it!)
  1. What is the product of mitosis? Are they genetically identical or different?(What is the end result?)
  1. Why does a cell become a cancer cell? What is a cancer cell’s main characteristic?(What does a cancer cell do that a normal cell doesn’t?)
  1. There are 5 things that contribute to genetic variation, 2 of which happen during meiosis. What are they? Define them.Biparental inheritance, mutations, independent assortment, random fertilization, crossing over.
  1. What are homologous chromosomes? Are they genetically identical or different?
  1. During anaphase I, ______, which are genetically (identical/different), are separated.
  1. During anaphase II, ______, which are genetically (different), are separated.(Something happens during meiosis I that makes these genetically different…)
  1. When does synapsis occur? Crossing over?
  1. What is the product of meiosis? Are they genetically identical or different? Haploid or diploid?
  1. What are the Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment?
  1. A brown-eyed man does not know what his (genotype/phenotype) is because brown is the dominant trait. If he undergoes a test cross, he might know.
  1. What is incomplete dominance? Does it support the blending or particulate hypothesis?It supports the particulate hypothesis. (For example, a red flower and a white flower make a pink flower—that’s incomplete dominance. This would seem like blending hypothesis; however, if the pink flower is self-pollinated, it has a variety of offspring—red, white and pink! Thus the two pink flowers did not blend to make just pink offspring, so this does NOT support the blending hypothesis!!)
  2. What was the main discovery Morgan made after his experiments with flies? What was the wild type? Mutant type?Morgan discovered sex-linked traits—this means that a gene for a particular trait was found on the sex chromosomes. (Define wild type and mutant type, don’t just give examples.)
  3. What does the Chromosome Theory of Heredity state? Did Morgan’s discovery support this?YES, Morgan’s experiments supported it! He found a particular gene existed on a chromosome!!!
  1. A dog that is heterozygous for two traits (i.e. BbHh) mated with a dog with recessive genes (bbhh). The majority of the puppies (90%) had the phenotypes of their parents. What does this suggest about the two traits? The two traits are linked (in other words, they are on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.) For more explanation, view the example of Morgan’s fly experiments… How did some puppies NOT have the phenotypes of their parents? Recombination of genes—such as crossing over in meiosis. These puppies are called recombinant offspring.
  1. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution had two ideas. What were they? Are either valid?(Only one of them is accepted as logical nowadays…)
  1. What are Darwin’s two main ideas of his Theory of Evolution? Are either valid?They’re both valid!
  1. Natural selection limits the population of salmon; only some live to reproduce. Why is this important?Those salmon without a preferred trait died and were unable to reproduce and pass along the not preferred trait!
  2. Natural selection acts on the (individual/population). Evolution acts on the (individual/population).
  1. Name some key evidence supporting Darwin’s theory.Some of the KEY ones might be: fossils, comparative anatomy (define that), artificial selection (how does that support natural selection?)
  1. In microevolution, ______—a localized group of organisms of the same species—is studied by looking at their ______, or total composition of genes (at that time).
  1. What is allelic frequency? Why do we analyze it over and over for a population?We analyze it throughout different generations to see if the population is changing/evolving!
  1. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state? Are his conditions realistic?No.
  1. There are 2 main causes for microevolution. Describe each and how it affects populations/causes evolution.(The causes of microevolution are genetic drift, natural selection, migration and mutation. Find which two were listed as the “two main causes”!)
  1. Sexual reproduction (increases/decreases) (phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a population. (Do you know how?)Thinking of meiosis for sexual reproduction, crossing over and independent assortment increase genetic diversity!
  1. Natural selection works on that diversity, (increasing/decreasing) (phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a population. (Do you know how?)Natural selection is ADAPTIVE to the environment, so that if a particular phenotype is more beneficial to a population, the other phenotype will diminish; thus, natural selection is decreasing phenotypic diversity!