Review – Unit V
Which type of reproduction provides genetic diversity?
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
Define gametes, zygote, and fertilization (Martini 26.1a).
What 2 properties do gametes have to have to be successful?
What marks the sexes chromosomally?
When and how is the sex of a child determined, chromosomally?
Which part of the adrenal gland are the sex steroids secreted from?
What is adrenogenital syndrome?
What are the female sex hormones?
What is the pathway of stimulation for their secretion?
What do the female sex hormones control?
What are the male sex hormones? (Martini 25.6a)
What is the pathway of stimulation for their secretion? (Martini 25.6b)
What do the male sex hormones control? What effect would low FSH levels have on sperm production? (Martini 25.6c)
What is androgen-insensitivity syndrome?
Where do the gonads develop from?
Sex differentiation requires more than just chromosomes. How do we get male vs. female gonads?
What is the difference between primary sex organs, secondary sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics? Be able to give an example of each.
Male Reproductive System
Know the pathway of organs from sperm production to emission. (Martini 25.1a)
Which organs are considered external genitalia?
Why must the scrotum remain 2˚C cooler than body temperature?
How does the scrotum accomplish this temperature difference? (Martini 25.1c)
What types of cells are found in the seminiferous tubules?
What do the sustentacular cells do? (Martini 25.3b)
What is the effect of inhibin?
What do the interstitial cells do? (Martini 25.3a)
Why is the blood-testis barrier important?
Name the spermatic ducts. (Martini 25.4c) Collectively, what do they do?
In which organ are sperm stored?
Which organ is shared by reproductive and urinary systems? Can it be shared simultaneously?
Name the accessory glands. What does each of them do? (Martini 25.4b)
What does the penis do?
What are the types of erectile tissue? ( Martini 25.5a) Collectively what do they do?
What happens during spermatogenesis?(Martini 25.3c)
How many spermatozoa will be produced from each primary spermatocyte/spermatogonia? (Martini 25.2b)
How is spermiogenesis different from spermatogenesis? (Martini 25.2a)
What is contained in the head of a spermatozoon? (Martini 25.2c)
What does the acrosome do? (Martini 25.2c)
Where is the energy produced for flagellar movement? (Martini 25.2c)
Where does semen come from? (Martini 25.4a)
What are the other components of semen besides sperm? Which glands do they come from?
Female Reproductive System
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
Know the anatomy of an ovary.
What is a follicle?
What is oogenesis? Correlate how an ovum develops vs. a follicle.
What are the main differences in gamete production between males and females? (Martini 25.8b)
What is the 1st cell type that can be fertilized by a sperm?
Know the parts of a fallopian tube. Collectively, what do they do?
How do recently released secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube? (Martini 25.9c)
What is the function of the uterus?
Name the regions of the uterus. (Martini 25.9a)
What are the 3 layers of the uterus? What is the tissue type of each? (Martini 25.9b and 25.10a)
What are the external female genitalia collectively called?
Which female organs are similar to the male penis, scrotum, and bulbourethral gland? (Martini 25.11c)
What are mammary glands?
When would you see mammary glands?
What is the difference between reproductive cycle and sexual cycle?
What is the difference between Ovarian and Uterine Cycles?
Sexual Cycle:
Ovarian Cycle:(Martini 25.8c)
Follicular Phase, Ovulation, Luteal Phase
Uterine Cycle:(Martini 25.10c)
Proliferative Phase, Secretory Phase, Premenstrual, and Menstraul Phase
Be able to correlate the stagesof the ovarian cycle to the menstrual cycle. (Martini 25.13a, b, c)
What type of cell does the Follicular Phase begin and end with?
Development during the Follicular Phase depends on what hormone?
How many follicles are ovulated?
When does ovulation happen?
What does the follicle become after ovulation?
What hormone controls the luteal phase? What does this hormone stimulate?
When does the oocyte start ripening?
What is Menarche?
What hormone stimulates the Proliferative phase? Effect?
What hormone stimulates the Secretory Phase? Effect?
What happens during the Pre-menstrual and Menstrual Phases?
What does fibrinolysin do?
What marks the 1st day of a new cycle?
Life Before Birth
Define pregnancy, prenatal period, cleavage, implantation, aging, senescence.
What are the 4 steps to fertilization?
Why are numerous spermatozoa required to fertilize a secondary oocyte? (Martini 26.1c)
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
What happens during each stage? (Martini 26.2 a, b, c)
Name the embryonic membranes and know their functions. (Martini 26.4 a, b, c)
The presence of which hormone in the urine provides a reliable indicator of pregnancy in home pregnancy tests? (Martini 26.6a)
List and describe the factors involved in initiating labor contractions. (Martini 26.9a, b)
Aging causes what effects in the various systems (things that increase/decrease with age)-
Integumentary – define photoaging
Skeletal- define osteopenia
Muscular-
Nervous-
Circulatory-
Immune-
Respiratory-
Urinary-
What is the best way to slow aging?
Define life expectancy and life span.