Name: ______
Block: __
The United Nations
Create a policy: What should the United States do about North Korea?· 2-3 sentences.
· Use at least 3 terms from the Foreign Policy Toolbox (diplomacy, treaties, sanctions, etc.)
Use information from the reading to answer the following questions:
1. What are the four stated purposes of the UN?
·
2. How many nations are in the UN?
3. What was the League of Nations?
4. How and when did the League of Nations fail?
5. When and where and why was the UN started?
· When?
· Where?
· Why?
6. According to the UN Charter [founding document], what are the principles of the UN?
·
7. What does each branch of the UN do?
· General Assembly:
· Secretariat:
· International Criminal Court:
· Economic and Social Council:
· Security Council:
8. What do you think about the first five articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
· Do they look familiar?
· Do you agree with them?
9. How does the UN military work?
10. What powers does the Security Council have?
11. Who are the Permanent Members of the Security Council? How did they get there?
12. What powers do Permanent Members of the Security Council have?
13. What is a resolution?
14. Give three examples of specific things that the UN does around the world (use the sidebars and graphics):
15. In your opinion, what is the most important job of the United Nations? Why?
16. Go to: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/current.shtml
Use the map and click on an area to find out what UN troops are doing around the world:
· What is the UN mission in Kashmir (UNMOGIP)?
· Choose and describe one other UN mission:
Location: ______
Mission:
The UnitedNations:
History, Organization, and Functions of the UnitedNations
The United Nations is an international organization designed to facilitate communication and problem solving between nations (and prevent wars) through the enforcement of international law, as well as the enhancement of security, economic development, social progress, and human rights for countries around the world. The United Nations includes 193 member countries and its main headquarters are located in New York City.
History and Principles of the United Nations
Before the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the (failed) international organization responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in 1919, at the end of the First World War "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security." At its height, the League of Nations had 58 members and was considered successful. In the 1930s its success and influence vanished as the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) gained influence and power, eventually leading to the start of World War II in 1939.
The term "United Nations" was coined in 1942 by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. This phrase was made to officially describe the cooperation of the Allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and other nations fighting against the German and Japanese governments in World War II.
The UN as it is known today was not officially founded until the end of World War II. The Charter of the United Nations was drafted at a conference of nations in San Francisco, California. The conference was attended by 50 nations and several non-governmental organizations - all of which signed the Charter. The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.
The principles of the UN as explained in the Charter are to save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons. In addition it also aims to promote justice, freedom, and social progress for the peoples of all of its member states.
Organization of the United Nations Today
In order to handle the complex task of getting its member states to cooperate most efficiently, the UN today is divided into five branches. The first is the UN General Assembly. This is the main decision-making and representative assembly in the UN and is responsible for upholding the principles of the UN through its policies and recommendations. It is a forum for debate composed of all member states.
The UN Security Council is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the branches. It has power to authorize the deployment UN member states' militaries, can order a cease-fire during conflicts, and can enforce penalties on countries if they do not comply with given mandates. It is composed of five permanent members and ten rotating members.
The next branch of the UN is the International Court of Justice, located in The Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN. The Economic and Social Council is a branch that assists the General Assembly in promoting economic and social development as well as cooperation of member states. Finally, the Secretariat is the branch UN headed by the Secretary General. Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when needed by other UN branches for their meetings.
United Nations Membership
Today, almost all of the fully recognized independent states are member states in the UN. To become a member of the UN a state must accept both peace and all obligations outlined in the Charter and be willing to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations. The final decision on admission to the UN is carried out by a vote in the General Assembly. Today there are 193 nations in the UN General Assembly.
Functions of the United Nations Today
As it was in the past, the main function of the UN today is to maintain peace and security for all of its member states. Though the UN does not maintain its own military, it does have peacekeeping forces which are supplied by its member states. On approval of the UN Security Council, these peacekeepers are often sent to regions where armed conflict has recently ended to discourage combatants from resuming fighting.
In addition to maintaining peace, the UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when needed. In 1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a standard for its human rights operations.
From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): articles 1-5 (0ut of 30 total articles)Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
The UN currently provides technical assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial structures and write constitutions, trains human rights officials, and provides food, drinking water, shelter, and other humanitarian services to peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster.
Finally, the UN plays an integral part in social and economic development through its UN Development Program. This is the largest source of technical funding assistance in the world. In addition, the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the UN Population Fund, and the World Bank Group to name a few play an essential role in this aspect of the UN as well. The UN also annually publishes the Human Development Index to rank countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
The United Nations SecurityCouncil
The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful body of the United Nations. The Security Council can authorize the deployment of troops from United Nations member countries, mandate cease-fire during conflict, and can impose economic penalties (sanctions and embargoes) on countries.
The United Nations Security Council is composed of representatives from fifteen countries. Five of the Security Council members are permanent members. The original five permanent members were the United States, United Kingdom, Republic of China (Taiwan), Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and France. These five countries were the primary victorious countries of World War II.
In 1973, Taiwan was replaced by the People's Republic of China on the Security Council and after the fall of the USSR in 1991, the USSR's spot was occupied by Russia. Thus, the current five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are: United States, United Kingdom, China, Russia, and France.
Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council has veto power over any matter voted upon by the Security Council. This means that all five permanent members of the Security Council must agree to endorse any measure for it to pass. Nonetheless, the Security Council has passed more than 1700 resolutions since its founding in 1946. A resolution is an opinion, ruling, or directive agreed to by the majority of the Security Council (and all five of the permanent members).
The remaining ten non-permanent members of the total membership of fifteen countries are chosen based on various regions of the world. Almost every United Nations member country is a member of a regional grouping. The regional groupings include:
· the Western European and Others Group (two members)
· the Eastern European Group (one member)
· Latin American and Caribbean Group (two Members)
· the Asian Group (two members)
· the African Group (three members)
The ten non-permanent members serve two year terms and half are replaced each year in annual elections. Each region votes for its own representatives and the United Nations General Assembly approves the selections.
Current non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council:
· Argentina
· Australia
· Chad
· Chile
· Jordan
· Lithuania
· Luxembourg
· Nigeria
· Republic of Korea (South Korea)
· Rwanda