Unit X: Prosperity and Civil Rights

A.Truman Wins the 1948 Election

  1. The Fair Deal 1949

The Fair Deal was PresidentTruman's policy of ______improvement. He asked Congress to enlarge programs in the areas of economic security, conservation and housing and to go far beyond Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s initiatives in civil rights, national health ______, federal aid to education and agriculturesubsides. By building on Roosevelt's New Deal, Truman believed that the ______government should guarantee economic opportunity and social stability.

B.The Middle Class Expands

Between 1945 and 1960, family income almost ______. The growth of the middle class reflected full ______, new opportunities and federal spending which contributed mightily to widespread prosperity. In 1944 Congress passed the ______Readjustment Act, known as the ______Bill of Rights. Under the law, the government paid part of ______for veterans and gave them unemployment benefits while they sought jobs. It also provided low-interest ______to veterans buying homes, farms or starting businesses. The ______Bill and other federal programs also offered ______for homebuyers. New middle-class families of postwar America became ______families. Of 13 million new homes built in the 1950s, 85% were in the suburbs. By the early 1960s, suburbs surrounded every city. As suburbs, grew, transportation became necessary and ______sales increased. Easy ______facilitated the purchase of cars.

  1. Levittown- Levittown gets its name from William Levitt, who built it as a planned ______community between 1947 and 1951. Levittown was the first truly mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country.
  2. Baby Boom
  1. Consumers

By the 1950s, three out of five families owned ______, and three out of four owned ______. Consumers chose among a wealth of new products, many developed from wartime innovations, including polyester fabrics like ______, dacron, orlon—and new household appliances such as freezers, blenders, & ______. Businesses tried to increase consumer spending by investing more money in ______, especially in television ads. TV played a pivotal role in consumption—both as a product to be bought and a mode of ______more products. The first practical television system began operating in the ______s. Television reached _____ percent of homes in 1950 and almost ______percent in 1960. Audiences stayed home to watch live productions of beloved comedies, such as “______”.

  1. The Federal Highway Act

Dwight D. Eisenhower provided funds for the Interstate Highway System. The national highway system was also built in order to mobilize the ______in a time of war.

C.The Civil Rights Movement

  1. Brown v. Board of Education

In 1953 Eisenhower appointed ______as chief justice of the Supreme Court. The Warren Court transformed the American legal system by expanding civil ______and the rights of the ______. In Brown v. Board of Education of ______(1954), the Warren court declared that school ______violated the equal protection clause of the ______Amendment. It claimed that “______educational facilities are inherently ______.” It overturned the 1896 case ______v. Ferguson that said that segregation was legal & declared segregated schools ______.

  1. Crises in Little Rock

In 1955 the Court ordered the states to desegregate schools “with all deliberate ______.” However, many people ______school integration. In 1957 the governor of Arkansas, Orval ______tried to block the enrollment of _____ black students into Little RockHigh School. In response, Eisenhower sent ______to desegregate the school.

  1. Montgomery Bus Boycott

In December 1955 the black community in Montgomery, ______organized a bus boycott after ______was arrested for refusing to give up her ______seat to a white man. A local minister, ______Jr. helped organize the boycott. In 1957, ministers and civil rights leaders formed the Southern ______Leadership Conference (SCLC). The SCLC, which adopted a policy of nonviolent ______, formed the backbone of the civil rights movement in the United States.

  1. Sit-ins

The civil rights movement expanded on February 1, 1960, when ______black college students at North CarolinaA&TUniversity began ______racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at ______lunch counters and waiting to be served. Within days the sit-ins spread throughout North Carolina, and within weeks they reached cities across the ______. To continue students' efforts and to give them an independent voice in the movement, college students in 1960 formed another civil rights group, the Student ______Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Students and activists soon adopted other methods of protesting segregation such as ______rides—bus trips throughout the South in order to ______buses and bus stations.

  1. Resistance to Integration

In the fall of 1962, a federal court ordered the University of ______to enroll black Air Force veteran James ______. To prevent his enrollment, ______protesters rioted and President ______sent federal troops to restore order.

In ______, Alabama in 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC led a campaign of ______, sit-ins and prayer meetings to challenge ______and racism. Clashes arose between black protesters and city police, armed with ______and ______prods. News coverage exposed the violence in Alabama to people all over the world. Television news next covered the University of Alabama, where Governor George ______barred two black students from entrance in 1963.

In August 1963 more than 200,000 Americans marched on Washington, D.C., to demand equal rights. The audience heard Martin Luther King, Jr., explain his dream of ______, freedom, ______and nonviolence.

  1. Assassination

On Nov. 22, 1963, President Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. The Warren Commission eventually concluded that it was the work of a single assassin, Lee Harvey ______.

  1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964

In July 1964 Johnson proposed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 enacted in memory of John F. Kennedy. The law prohibited segregation in ______accommodations and ______in education and employment.It gave the federal government new power to ______schools and enfranchise blacks; and created the Equal ______Opportunity Commission to stop job ______based on race, religion, national origin, or gender.

  1. The Voting Rights Act

In 1965 Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act that authorized federal examiners to ______voters and expanded suffrage by suspending ______tests for voting. The ______Amendment, ratified in 1964, outlawed the ______tax in federal elections. These measures more than ______the number of registered black voters in the South.

  1. Black Power

Some civil rights activists believed that the methods used by Martin Luther King Jr. such as civil disobedience would not achieve their desire goal of equality. Stokely ______a civil rights activist and SNCC member popularized the call for Black power. To some, Black Power called for racial ______and self-reliance. For others, it meant that blacks should ______themselves against white violence, instead of relying on ______. Others believed that the Black Power movement called for black ______and political independence.Black Power advocates were influenced by ______, a Nation of ______minister who preached black separatism and self-sufficiency. They also appreciated Malcolm's emphasis on black ______and self-assertion. He was assassinated in 1965.

  1. Race Riots

In August 1965 frustrations with high ______and poverty led to riots in the Watts section of ______. For six days rioters ______, firebombed, and sniped at police and National Guard troops. In the summers of 1966 and 1967, urban riots occurred in the ______neighborhoods of several Northern cities. The summer of 1967 saw 150 racial confrontations and 40 riots.
On April 4, ______Martin Luther King, Jr. was ______and riots broke out in over 100 cities. In the wake of the riots, the president appointed a National Commission on Civil ______, headed by Otto Kerner. The Commission urged ______creation, more public housing, school ______and “a national system of ______supplementation.”

  1. Other Minorities Struggle for Equality

By the end of the 1960s, the civil rights movement had strongly influenced other groups, which adopted its protest tactics. In 1968 Native American leaders demanded ______Power in the form of preferential ______and reimbursement for ______that the government had taken from them in violation of treaties. Mexican Americans supported Cesar ______president of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. ______sought improved working conditions for ______workers and organized national consumer ______of grapes and other products. The Hispanic movement also campaigned for ______and bicultural education, and Chicano studies in colleges.

D.Kennedy and the “New Frontier”

When he accepted the Democratic nomination, Kennedy urged Americans to meet the challenges of a “______.” The term evoked the spirit of ______that Kennedy wanted to bring to his presidency.

  1. NASA
  1. Peace Corps - In 1961 Kennedy began the Peace Corps which was a federal program that sent American ______to assist needy nations by providing ______programs and helping ______build basic infrastructures.

E.Johnson and the “Great Society”

  1. Head Start

Project Head Start was established to educate ______from disadvantaged families; and includes several other public works and ______- ______programs.

  1. Job Corps –
  1. Affirmative Action

In 1965, Johnson issued ______Order 11246, which required groups that did business with the ______government to take “______action” to remedy past discrimination against ______Americans. Over the next three decades, the federal government implemented affirmative action policies to promote the hiring of ______and ______.

  1. Medicare & Medicaid

In 1965 Congress enlarged the War on Poverty by enacting ______(a program of medical insurance for the ______) and ______(a program of medical care

for the ______).

  1. VISTA -