Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
Here is a review of concepts covered in lecture and lab that you should know for the 2nd exam. Generally, study your notes, handouts, and Photosynthesis and Genetics and Heredity lab. If you are able to answer all of these questions and understand the concepts herein, you should do well on the exam. This exam covers chapters 7-11. Evolution (Chapters 13-15) will be on Exam 3.
Chapter7:Photosynthesis
Study your notes and Photosynthesis Handout, and Photosynthesis lab:
1. Whatarephotoautotrophs? In what Kingdoms are photoautotrophs found?
2. Whatischlorophyll?Whatcolorsoflightdoeschlorophyllabsorb?
Whatcolor(s)doeschlorophyllreflect,ortransmit?
- Howdoesthistranslateintowhatcolorsoflightaregoodorbadfor
providingenergyforphotosynthesis?
3. Knowtheoverallequationforphotosynthesis.Inwhatorganelledoesphotosynthesisoccur?
4. Overall, is photosynthesis an endergonic or exergonic process? What is the source of the energy that is used to fuel photosynthesis?
5. Whatarethe twomainstagesofphotosynthesis?Wheredotheytake
place?Whataretheinputsandoutputsofeachstep?
6. WhatisthefunctionoftheReactionCenter?
7. Whatischemiosmosis,andhowdoesitworktoproduceATP?Be able to describe how chemiosmosis works.
8. Howdoplantsusethesugarsthatareproducedinphotosynthesis?How
doheterotrophsusethem? What is a heterotroph?
Chapter8:CellularReproduction
1. Whydocellsneedtodivide?(Whydoorganismsneedtoproducemorecells?-knowthisforbothunicellular and multicellular organisms).
2. KnowthatallcellshaveaCOMPLETEsetofDNA.Before cells reproduce, the DNA must be duplicated.
3. Whatisthecellcycle?WhathappensduringInterphase?What happens duringthe
Mitoticphase?Approximately how much of the cell cycle is spent in each of these two phases?
4. Know the five stages (phases) of mitosis, and what happens during each of these phases.
5. Beabletorecognizethestages Prophase,Prometaphase, Metaphase,Anaphase,and
Telophaseof mitosis ifshownapicture/drawingofthem.
6. Knowthe followingterms/concepts:
Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
binary fission
chromosome
chromatin
sisterchromatids
centromere
daughtercell
asexualreproduction
sexualreproduction
autosomes
sexchromosomes
gamete
cytokinesis
diploid
haploid
Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
7. Whatarehomologouschromosomes?
8.Whatgoesintoandwhatresultsfrom meiosisandfertilization?
9. WhatisMeiosis?WhatistheendresultofMeiosis?WhatarethetwostepsofMeiosis,andwhatoccursinthesesteps?
10. What is theLawofIndependentAssortment, and how does itpromotegametediversity?
11. WhatcausesDownSyndrome,andwhatdoesthishavetodowithmeiosis?
12. Whatismeantbychromosomalsexdetermination?Inhumans,what
determinesthesexofanindividual?
13. Whatchromosomalabnormalitiesresultinthe conditions known as TurnerSyndromeandKlinefelterSyndrome?
Chapter9:GeneticsandHeredity
1. Knowthefollowingterms/concepts:
Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
Chromosome
Allele
Phenotype
Genotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Carrier
Pedigree
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Polygenic Inheritance
Bio 100Exam 2 Review SheetPage 1 of 4
2. WhoisGregorMendel,andwhatwashismajorcontributiontobiology?
3. WhatwereMendel’slaws,andwhatdotheystate?
4. UseyourGeneticsandHereditylabto study the following:
a)Knowwhatgametescanbeproducedfromagivengenotype.
b)Knowhowto use a punnet square to determine possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes. (If you know the genotypes of the parents and how a trait is inherited, you should be able to figure out the probability of producing a child with a given genotype or phenotype)
c)You will be given apedigree,and will be asked to determine whetheragiventraitissex-linked, and if it is recessiveordominant. You will also be asked to determinethegenotypesofindividuals in the pedigree.
5. Why are dominant lethal alleles less common than recessive lethal alleles?
6. Whataresex-linked(alsoknownasx-linked)traits?Giveanexampleofasex-linkedtrait.
7. Whyaresex-linkedrecessivetraitsmorelikelytobeexpressedinmales?
Chapter10:DNAand Viruses
1. Knowthemeaningofthefollowingterms/concepts:
codon
geneticcode (understand how this code is used during translation)
DNAreplication
transcription
translation
mutation
base substitution
insertion
deletion
2. Whatarethethreemainstructuralcomponentsofnucleotides?
3. HowdoDNAandRNAdiffer?
4. WhoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofthethreedimensionalstructureofDNA?
5. WhatisthethreedimensionalstructureofDNA? What parts of the nucleotide form the DNA “backbone”? Which parts link up in the middle of the double-stranded molecule? What type of bonds join the two strands of DNA together (in the middle)?
6. WhatpurinesandpyrimidinesmatchupwitheachotherinDNA?In transcription, what RNA purines or pyrimidines match up with those in DNA?
7. Describe how DNA replication occurs.
HowdoesthestructureofDNAenableittobeeasilyreplicated?
8. When and how can mutations occur (what can cause mutations)?
9. How do base substitutions differ from insertions and deletions, and which is/are most likely to affect proper protein production? Explain why.
10. Whatisavirus?Whatarethemainpropertiesofviruses?
11. What disease is caused by the HIV virus?
12. Know how the HIV virus reproduces once inside the host cell. How does it enter the host cell? Once in the host, what does it need to do to reproduce?
Chapter 11: Cancer
- What is cancer?
- Know that multiple mutations are usually necessary for cancer to develop.
- Be familiar with these terms and concepts:
Oncogene
Proto-oncogene
Tumor-suppressor gene