BIOLOGY CHP 9Fundamental of Genetics

GREGOR MENDAL

  1. ______: branch of biology that studies heredity

______: the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

______started with ______

Mendel was an ______in the late ______

He studied ______

Worked in the ______of the ______

Worked with garden peas ______

  1. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS

______how characteristics show themselves

Mendel observed ___ pair of contrasting traits in pea plants

  1. Plant Height:
  1. Flower Position:
  1. Pod Color:
  1. Pod Appearance:
  1. Seed Texture
  1. Seed Color:
  1. Flower Color:

______is when pollen grains are transferred to the stigma

______male part of flower, produce the ______

______female part of flower

______is then pollen from the same plant reaches the stigma

______is when pollen from a different plant reaches the stigma

How did Mendel control Pollination in his pea plants?

Self Pollination:

Cross Pollination:

______is a plant that shows only one form of a particular trait.

Produced by ______and called a ______

Mendel produced ______plants for all 14 variations of traits

He called them the ______or Parent generation

______or first filial generation was produced by cross pollinating the P generations of each trait

______or second filial generation was produced by self pollinating the F1 generation

THESE ___ STEPS OF MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT ARE SHOWN ON PAGE 175

F1 RESULTS:

Example:

F2 RESULTS:

Example:

MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS

  1. Recessive and Dominant Traits

In each ______of traits, one is ______and one is ______

The ______trait will not allow the ______trait to show itself

Example: YY = Yellow Yy = Yellow yy = ______

  1. The Law of Segregation

A pair of traits is ______during ______formation

Each ______cell only receives ______gene not two

  1. The Law of Independent Assortment

One ______does not affect another

Traits for different ______are distributed to ______separately

GENES and CHROMOSOMES

______is the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes

______is a threadlike structure made of ______

______is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular ______

Because Chromosomes occur in ______so do ______

______are the different versions of a gene

Letters are used to represent ______

Capital Letters represent ______genes

Lower Case letters represent ______genes

GENETIC CROSSES

______is the genetic makeup of an organism (the actual genes it has)

______is the appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype

(How genes show themselves as traits)

______is when both alleles in a gene pair are the same

EXAMPLE: Homozygous Dominant:

Homozygous Recessive:

______is when alleles in a pair are different

EXAMPLE:

______is the likelihood a specific event will occur.

Probability = ______

Can be expressed as a ______, ______or ______

Look at example in book on page 181

______is a diagram that predicts the probability that a specific event will occur

______is a cross that considers one pair of contrasting traits

EXAMPLE:

______is the ratio of genotypes that appear in offspring

______is the ratio of phenotypes that appear in offspring

______is a cross that considers two pairs of contrasting traits.

______is when an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual

Lets you determine the ______of the unknown individual

EXAMPLE: gg x Gg

______is when neither allele is dominant over the other.

When the different ______combine, they are ______together

Occurs in flower color commonly.

EXAMPLE: Rr Pink x Rr Pink

______is when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring

No ______and no ______

EXAMPLE: Coat color in horses ROAN coat is red and white hair mixed