Chapter 1 Reading Guide:

Section 1, Studying History:

1. Define the following vocabulary words for 1.1:

*history- ______

*culture- ______

*archaeology- ______

*fossil- ______

*artifacts- ______

*primary source- ______

*secondary source- ______

2. Describe each of the following occupations:

*Archaeologist- They explore places where people once lived, worked, or fought.

*Anthropologist- They study of the origin, behavior & physical, social & cultural development of humans.

*Historian- They study written records & the past to understand people’s culture (p.6-7).

*Geologist- Study of the origin, history & structure of earth

3. We are who we are because of what people did in the past.

4. What is a historian’s main concern? human activity in the past. Give an example of something a historian may study: battles, elections–can be thousands or years ago or just yesterday; how and where people worked, fought, traded, farmed, worshipped, their activities, etc...

5. Why do historians study the past? To understand people’s culture

6. What is archaeology based on? Study of the past based on OBJECTS that people left behind.

Give 2-3 examples of things archaeologists may study: jewelry, dishes, weapons, tools, computers

Why do they study these objects? To learn what they can tell about the past

7. How does history help you know:

Yourself? It teaches us about the experiences we have been through as a people. It shapes our identity & teaches us the values that we share.

Others? It teaches us about cultures unlike our own – how they are similar/different. It helps you relate to people of different backgrounds & promotes social harmony today.

Your world? It helps you understand how today’s events are shaped by events from the past.

8. How many years is a century? 100 years. Decade? 10 years.

9. Do Primary Source on p. 9. Varies – kings, captains, rogues, villains, etc…

10. What are examples of fossils? _bones & footprints.

What are examples of artifacts? _coins, arrowheads, tools, toys & pottery.

11. Tell whether or not the following are primary or secondary sources:

*Journal article- secondary

*Diaries- primary

*Letters- primary

*Encyclopedia- secondary

*Photograph- _ primary

12. How long ago was writing invented? 5,000 years ago

13. Do all historians agree on historical accounts? NO Why or why not? They form different opinions about the primary sources that they study

14. What does the phrase, “Those who forget their past are doomed to repeat it” mean?

History helps keep people from making the same mistakes that others made in the past.

Section 2, Studying Geography:

1. Define the following vocabulary words for 1.2:

*geography- ______

*landforms- ______

*climate- ______

*environment- ______

*region- ______

*resources- ______

2. Give an example of a geographic feature: ______

3. Complete the following chart comparing physical & human geography:

PHYSICAL / HUMAN
Definition: / Study of the earth’s physical features & processes, such as mtns, rivers, oceans, rainfall & climate. (PHYSICAL) / Study of the earth’s people, including THEIR WAY OF LIFE, homes & cities, beliefs & travels. (CULTURAL)
What do they study? / 1) Landforms
2) climate/weather / 1) People
2) Places where they live
List an example that each may study. / Climate affects landforms and landforms also affect climate. / How do people that live in deserts survive?
List another example / Varies
Ex. 1) Landforms & climate are part of a place’s environment. / Varies
How do they get their food?
What religions do they practice?

4. What is location? EXACT description of where something is

5. Do any 2 places have the exact location? NO

6. How long have people been making maps? 4,000 years. What are some things that most maps include? symbols

7. Do STUDYING MAPS on p. 14-15 & answer each question below:

1) mountains, deserts, rivers, valleys

Sierra Nevada

2) highland, marine, Mediterranean, semiarid, desert

highland in mtns; marine @ coast; desert climate in desert

3) _ Los Angeles, San Francisco

Mediterranean

4) Fewer major roads in desert & mountains

obviously, more roads in populated areas

8. List some aspects that a may define a region: physical features (forests/grasslands,), physical barriers (mountains, rivers) & human features (religions, languages)

9. How did geography influence the early development of cultures? People could only settle by water and where there was available food & resources

10. Where did early people tend to settle? _ rivers

11. Use the chart below to explain how a river could be both a problem & a resource for a particular region.

RESOURCE / PROBLEM
1) Provide water / 1) Flooding
2) Trade access / 2) Invasion