Exercise 9: Energy balance
PART 1: Understanding the energy balance
Please choose and open one of the files “2012_BAL_COUNTRY.xls”. This file is the “IEA balance builder” for theCOUNTRY of your choice.
The purpose of the IEA Balance Builder is to build a country energy balance following the IEA methodology starting from data in physical units. In this case, the file has been prefilled for your analysis. In the sheet “Aggregated balance”, you find a complete energy balance for the given country, for the year 2012.
The goal of this introductory exercise is to understand the main concepts behind an energy balance and to become familiar with it. The series of questions below will guide you through an analysis of the balance.
Supply
- Is the country an energy producer[ZA1]? If so, of what products?
- What is the largest energy source in the country’s energy mix[ZA2]?
- Is the country overall self-sufficient[ZA3]? Why?
- Look for the values of TPES/population [ZA4]in 2000 and 2012 by selecting the country in the right menu at: Has it changed?
Transformation
- What is the difference between a negative number and a positive number in the transformation[ZA5] sector?
- What are the sources of electricity [ZA6]in the country?
- Focus on main activity electricity producers: how much energy is lost[ZA7] in the overall electricity generation? What share of the total input to electricity does it represent?
- Bonus question: If the country has generation of electricity from coal or natural gas main activity producers, what is the specific efficiency[ZA8] of generation? (Use information of electricity generation by source at the bottom of the page; note that 1 GWh = 0.086 ktoe).
Final consumption
- What is the largest final consumption [ZA9]sector?
- What is the share of oil products in road[ZA10] consumption?
PART 2: Building the energy balance
Please open the file BalanceBuilder_Statisland.xls
The purpose of the IEA Balance Builder is to build a country energy balance following the IEA methodology. This can be done either by filling by hand the “Data in physical units” and “Conversion factors” worksheets or by uploading data from the IEA data questionnaires. Whenever data need to be adjusted, it is good practice to adjust the corresponding questionnaire and re-upload it.
You are presented with a partially filled balance builder, follow the instructions below to complete the data.
Note that yellow cells indicate errors (as explained in the “Main Menu” worksheet).
Before starting, open the “Data in physical units”worksheet. You will note the following issues:
- there is an arithmetic error for other bituminous coal
- anthracite has data on the “Data in physical units”worksheet but no data on the “Disaggregated balance” worksheet,due to missing net calorific values in the “Conversion factors” worksheet.
Now do the following:
- Please adjust the coal questionnaire STATISLAND_Coal.xls for 2012 according to the following:
- Other bituminous coal:consumption in Industry Sector - Non-metallic minerals [ZA11]was accidentally left out. It should be 7666 kt.
- “Table 4”: Update the following net calorific values:
Anthracite: 28710 kJ/kg for production, 28958 kJ/kg for Imports , 28710 kJ/kg for exports, 12235 kJ/kg for Used in main activity plants, 19732 kJ/kg for Used in industry and 21472 kJ/kg for For other uses. - Once you are done with the above changes you can upload the coal questionnaire.
- Check the Balance Builder to make sure that all the errors were corrected.
General balance question:
- Look at the nuclear and hydro [ZA12]columns in the “Data in physical units” worksheet, numbers are reported in electricity output not in production and transformation, why?
Looking at nuclear and hydro in the “aggregated balance” worksheet we find numbers in production; how are they calculated? What is the implied efficiency?
[ZA1]Disaggregated balance worksheet. Look at the production (row 7) first for primary products.
Secondary energy production appears in the transformation sector. Check positive numbers which show output.
[ZA2]In “Disaggregated balance” worksheet check the Domestic supply row.
In “Aggregated balance” worksheet check the TPES row.
[ZA3]Look in “Aggregated balance” worksheet. Calculated as production/TPES. Use the column “Total of all energy sources” to calculate.
Less than 1 means the country is not self-sufficient and depends on imports.
[ZA4]TPES/population is a rough indicator of how much energy is consumed per person.
[ZA5]Negative numbers show an input to a transformation process and a positive numbers shows an output.
[ZA6]Disaggregated balance worksheet. The sources of electricity will appear as a negative number under the different fuels in the transformation sector under the main activity and autoproducer electricity and CHP plants (row 17 to 20)
[ZA7]Disaggregated balance worksheet. The losses appear in the column “Total” (column BP) as a negative number in row 17.
To calculate the share you need to add all the input in the row 17 first to get the total input.
[ZA8]Look in “Aggregated balance” worksheet. The efficiency of the main activity producers for coal is calculated by taking the corresponding output in GWh in row 62 multiplied by 0.086 to get ktoe and then divide by the input reported in row 12
[ZA9]Look in “Aggregated balance” worksheet. Check out the rows Industry, Transport, Other and Non-energy use to see which sector has the biggest number in “Total” (row P)
[ZA10]Look in “Aggregated balance” worksheet.
Take the amount in cell F44 (which is the amount of oil products consumed in Road) and divide by P44 (which is the total amount consumed in Road).
[ZA11]Coal AQ Table 1: Other bituminous coal cell G69 to be filled.
[ZA12]In the data in physical units, nuclear and hydro have numbers only in electricity production (and sometimes in heat for nuclear). Geothermal is different because it not only can have electricity and heat output from the transformation sector, it can also have direct use which would appear as production and consumption.
Physical energy content methodused to calculate the primary energy equivalent, with nuclear heat as primary energy (nuclear) and hydro ele as primary energy (hydro).
Efficiency of transformation 33% for nuclear (estimate comes for European average of losses from nuclear heat to nuclear ele). And 100% for hydro (no transformation actually).