UNIT-I-Lesson-I

SIR C.V. RAMAN

Summary

C.V. Raman’s story begins in a village near Tiruchirapalli in southernIndia. He was born on 8 November 1888. Raman was a voracious reader and pored eagerly over all the books written by great scientists of his father’s collection. Three books determined the Raman’s chosen path; those were Edwin’sArnold’sLight of Asia, which is the story of Gautama Buddha,theElements of Euclid,a treatise on classical geometry, andThe Sensations of Tone,by German scientist Helmholtz, on the properties of sound waves.

Raman completed his school when he was just eleven (11) years old. He joined in the BA course at the age of thirteen only. He was suggested by his teachers to prepare for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. But he could not qualify the medical examination to travel to England. This was the only examination that Raman failed.

Raman joined MA physics inPresidencyCollege,Madras, During this time he became famous for his experiments with light waves. Raman wondered what would happen if the light shone straight, not from an angle on the screen. Raman not only studied this variant problem and published in a paper in thePhilosophical Magazine,a British journal. He was the first student ofPresidencyCollegeto publish a research paper.

Raman passed MA examination in January 1907, coming first in the university. He has taken the Financial Civil Services (FCS) examination due to lack of facilities to pursue his research inIndia. Later Raman started his research at ‘Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science ‘ (IACS).

Raman was fascinated by waves and sound. He remembered the reading of Helmholtz’s book in his school days. He explained the working of theektara.He took up a violin for study and developed a way of characterizing the quality of the instrument. Raman’s studies on the violin published as book. Until 1920, acoustics continued to interest him he also studied theveena,tambura, mridangam, tablaand others.

Around 1917 Raman was offered the position of Pallet Professor of Physics at the university. In 1921, theUniversityofCalcuttaconferred on him an honorary doctorate. He attended University Congress atOxford, during the voyage back Raman watched the sea and did the experiments to capture the colour of the sea.Raman set his team members to work on his idea on light scattering. In 1927 of 28thFebruary the famous Raman effect was discovered, and the date now celebrated as National Science Day. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1930. Raman devoted his final years from 1946 to 1970 to the setting up of the Raman Research Institute inBangalore.

C.V. died on 21 November 1970. By a special arrangement his mortal remains were consigned to flames in the institute campus itself, amidst the surroundings he loved without any religious ceremonies. Raman was a brilliant student, a very original thinker and a hardworking, disciplined person. Further, when he faced with a lack of infrastructure, he always improvised and built up. His determination, spirit and contributions will indeed remain special within the context of the practice of science inIndia.

Questions with Answers:
a.How were the great men who Raman read about as a child reflected in the work he did later in life ?

As a child Raman read,The Sensations of Toneby German scientist Helmholtz, on the properties of sound waves. Raman was fascinated by waves and sound, and seems to have carried in his mind the memory of reading Helmholtz’s book in his school days. Then he got the chance to study and experiment in the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He has chosen musical instruments to study like violin, veena, tambura, mridangam, tabla and others. Raman’s studies on the violin were extensive and were later published as a book entitledOn the Mechanical Theory of Vibrations of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family with Experimental Results: Part I.

b.Why did Raman fail to impress his teachers when he joinedPresidencyCollege?

Raman completed school when he was just eleven years old. He joined the BA course atPresidencyCollege, when he was only thirteen years old. Being young for his class Raman failed to impress his teachers with his appearance. In the first English class that he had attended, Professor E.H. Eliot asked if he really belonged to the junior BA class.

c.What made Raman say of the Civil Surgeon ofMadras, ‘I shall ever be grateful to this man’ ?

Raman was suggested to prepare for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination by his teachers. Raman had to undergo a medical examination to take the ICS test. But the Civil Surgeon of Madras declared him medically unfit to travel toEngland. This was the only exam Raman failed, and he would later remark in his characteristic style about the man who disqualified him because at that time, he simply put the attempt behind and went on to study physics.

d.Why was the day when Raman walked into the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science a historic moment ?

The day when Raman walked into the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science a historic moment because the building that became the laboratory where he and his team performed the legendary experiments on light.

e.Outline the subject of the first research Raman conducted in the IACS ?

The first research Raman has chosen was studying musical instruments. He explained the working of theektara. He developed several idea that he called, ‘remarkable resonances’. He took up a violin for study and developed a way of characterizing the quality of the instrument. This was the first time a scientific understanding was established, and it is used even today.

f.What discovery did Raman make during his voyage across theMediterraneanand how did it prove to be important ?

Raman discovered that water molecules could scatter light like air molecules, during his voyage across theMediterranean. It set him on the track to discovering the famous Raman effect. In 1922,

he wrote a brilliant essay entitled ‘The Molecular Diffraction of Light,’ in which he speculated that light may exist in quanta, that is, as massless particles of energy.

1 mark Questions:

In which year did Raman complete his schooling?

Mr. Raman completed his schooling in 1899(Raman was born in 1888 and completed his school when he was just eleven (11) years old i.e 1888+11 means 1899)

Which year did Raman join B.A course?

Mr. Raman joined BA course at the age of thirteen only(Raman was born in 1888 andjoined BA course at the age of thirteen. i.e 1888+13 means 1901)

What is the purpose of the examination for which he couldn’t qualify?

Mr. Raman couldn’t qualify the medical examination. The purpose of this examination was to check up his physical fitness to travel to England for appearing for Indian Civil Service Examination.

Why did Raman take up FCS exam, though he secured first class in his M.A(1907)?

Raman has taken up FCS (Financial Civil Service) examination due to lack of facilities to pursue his research in India.

In which year Raman was conferred a Doctorate Degree, and which University?

In 1921 Raman was conferred a honorary Doctorate degree by the University of Calcutta.

Which\What is the day celebrated as “National Science Day” and Why?

28th February is celebrated as “National Science Day” as it was the day (1927 February 28) Raman discovered the famous “Raman Effect”.

What remains special in the context of the Practice of Science in India after Raman’s death?

Raman’s original thinking, hardworking nature,determination towards his work,Spirit, Discipline and above all the unparalleled contribution to the context of the practice of Science in Indian.

Bits:

Chandrasekhar Venkata Ramanshortly as C. V. Raman
C.V. Raman was born on8 November 1888
Raman was the second child ofR. Chandrasekhar IyerandParvathi Ammal
As a child, Raman wasan avid (voracious) reader
Light of Asiais written byEdwin Arnold– the story ofGautama Buddha
The Elements of Euclid, treatise on classicalgeometry
The Sensations of TonebyGermanscientistHelmholtzon the properties of sound waves
Raman completed school when he was justeleven years old
Raman joined the BA course atPresidencyCollege,Madras, when he wasthirteen years old
ICSstands for Indian Civil Services
The only exam Raman failed was amedical examinationto travel toEnglandto take ICS test
Raman joined theMA physicsclass inPresidencyCollege,Madras
Raman studied on light and published a paper in thePhilosophical Magazine,a British Journal
Raman was in teens and the first student ofPresidencyCollegetopublish a research paper
Raman passed the MA examination inJanuary 1907coming first in the university
Raman marriedLokasundari, who belonged toMadurai
FCSstands for Financial Civil Services -a forerunner of the Indian Administrative and Audit Services (IAACS)
IACSstands for Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
Raman’s papers appeared in international journals such asNatureand thePhilosophical Magazine, published inEngland
ThePhysical Review, published in theUSA
Raman was fascinated bywavesandsound
At IACS Raman has chosen to studymusical instrumentsfirst
Raman has explained the working of theektara
Raman studied theviolinand later published a book entitledOn the Mechanical Theory of Vibrations of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family with Experimental Results: Part I
To study onviolinRaman assembled the parts from acycle shopand other odds and ends found in the lab
Besides violin, Raman studied theveena, tambura, mridangam, tablaand others
Raman became interested inoptics
Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee,appointed as Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University.
Around 1917 Raman was offered the position ofPalit Professorat the university

Some of the well-known names among Raman’s brilliant students areK.R. Ramanathan, K.S.Krishnan andSuri Bhagavantam

Raman was conferred anhonorary doctorateby theUniversityofCalcuttain1921
Raman attended theUniversity CongressatOxford
Lord Rayleigh, who had explained theblue colour of the sky
Lord Rayleigh,explained ‘The dark blue of deep sea has nothing to do with the colour of water but is simply the blue of the sky seen in reflection.’
Raman’s experiments on thecolour of seawere explained and published to the journalNature
Raman’s discovery started during the voyage across theMediterranean Sea
Raman said that water molecules could scatter light just like air molecules, which set him to discover the famous Raman effect
In1922Raman wrote a brilliant essay entitled‘The Molecular Diffraction of Light’
TheCompton effectwas discovered in1923
Raman set his team members to work on his idea oflight scattering
Raman’s studentsK.R. Ramanathan, first spotted thelight scatteringphenomenon in1923
Many of Raman’s other students were able to reproduce this effect and‘feeble fluorescence’
In 1927 it was said that the effect was not ‘a type of fluorescence’ but a‘modified scattering’
On28 February of 1927the famousRaman effectwas discovered
28 Februaryis now celebrated asNational Science Day
Raman has receivedNobel Prize for physicsin1930
Raman took up the directorship ofIndian Institute of Scienceuntil he retired in1948
Raman devoted his final years, from1946 to 1970to the setting up of theRaman Research Institute in Bangaloreand the running theIndian Academy of Science
Raman edited the journalsCurrent Scienceand theProceedings of the Academy
C.V. Raman died on 21 November 1970

UNIT-I-Lesson-II

Mother Teresa (1910-1997)

Summary

One of the great servants of humanity, Mother Teresa was born on August 26, 1910 whose actual name was Agnes Gonxhe Bohaxhiu. She found the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata in 1950. Agnes fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service. She left home at age of 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary.
She arrived in India in 1929 and began her work in Darjeeling. She was disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta. On September 10, 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as “the call within the call’. She thought to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948.
She started attending to the needs of the destitute and starving. She started Missionaries of Charity to care of “the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society. In 1952 she has opened the first Home for the Dying. Mother Teresa opened the NIrmal Shishu Bhavan, the Children’s Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth. She won Noble Peace Prize in 1979 and Bharat Ratna in 1980.

THE READING / TAPESCRIPT

Mother Teresa was born in Albania in 1910, and died in 1997. Her real name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She became famous the world over for starting the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India. She began this work in 1950 and for over forty years, she looked after the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work.

Agnes developed an interest in helping the less fortunate at a very young age. She was fascinated by stories of people who dedicated their life to help others. She decided to become a nun when she was 12. She joined the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary when she was 18. She initially went to Ireland, to learn English.

She arrived in India in 1929 and became a nun two years later. The poverty and suffering she saw around her in Calcutta deeply disturbed her. A famine in 1943 killed thousands and worsened the situation. In 1946 she received a call from God. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order,” she said.

She was an international symbol of charity, visiting many countries to help poor children. At the time of her death, her organization was operating in 123 countries. After she died, the Pope started the process that might one day make her a saint. An international survey ranked her as the "most admired person of the 20th Century."

246 words

LISTENING GAP FILL

Mother Teresa was born in Albania in ______1997. Her real name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She became famous ______starting the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India. She______in 1950 and for over forty years, she looked after the poor, sick, ______. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work.

Agnes developed an interest in helping ______at a very young age. She was fascinated by stories of people ______life to help others. She ______a nun when she was 12. She joined the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary when she was 18. ______to Ireland, to learn English.

She arrived in India in 1929 and became a nun two years later. The poverty and ______around her in Calcutta ______her. A famine in 1943 killed thousands ______situation. In 1946 she received a call from God. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor

______them. It was an order,” she said.

She was an international ______, visiting many countries to help poor children. At the time of her death, her ______123 countries. After she died, the Pope started the process ______make her a saint. An international ______as the "most admired person of the 20th Century."

SYNONYM MATCH: Match the words from the article on the left with theirsynonyms on the right.

Paragraphs 1 and 2
1. / the world over / a. / lucky
2 / looked after / b. / public-spirited
3. / humanitarian / c. / spellbound
4. / fortunate / d. / at first
5. / fascinated / e. / worldwide
6. / initially / f. / cared for
Paragraphs 3 and 4
7. / poverty / g. / icon
8. / disturbed / h. / need
9. / among / i. / troubled
10. / symbol / j. / thought highly of
11 / operating / k / with
12 / admired / l / working
PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article.
1. / She became famous the / a. / life to help others
2 / humanitarian / b. / operating in 123 countries
3. / developed an interest in helping / c. / world over
4. / people who dedicated their / d. / to learn English
5. / She initially went to Ireland, / e. / killed thousands
6. / A famine in 1943 / f. / work
7. / help the poor / g. / person of the 20th Century
8. / her organization was / h. / the less fortunate
9. / the process that might one / i. / while living among them
10. / the most admired / j. / day make her a saint

CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD:

Delete the wrong word in each of the pairs of italics.

Mother Teresa was born in Albania in 1910, and dead / died in 1997. Her real name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She became famous the world around / over for starting the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India. She began this work in 1950 and for over forty years, she looked after the poor, sick / sickness, orphaned, and dying. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her human / humanitarian work.

Agnes developed an interested / interest in helping the less fortunate / fortune at a very young age. She was fascinated by stories of people who dedicated their life / lives to help others. She decided to become a nun when she was 12. She joined the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary when she was 18. She initially / initials went to Ireland, to learn English.

She arrived in India in 1929 and became a none / nun two years later. The poverty and suffering / suffered she saw around her in Calcutta deeply disturbed her. A famine in 1943 killed thousands and worst / worsened the situation. In 1946 she received a call from God. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among those / them. It was an order,” she said.

She was an international symbolic / symbol of charity, visiting many countries to help poor children. At / In the time of her death, her organization was operating in 123 countries. After she died, the Pope started the process that might one / a day make her a saint. An international survey ranked / banked her as the "most admired person of the 20th Century."

SPELLINGS

These jumbled words are from the text. Spell them correctly.

Paragraph 1

the world vroe
the Missionaries of Ciarhty
she koolde after the poor
her nmtaanaihrui work

Paragraph 2

helping the less ateufnrto
She was fascinated by sstiero of people
She ejindo the Sisters of Loreto
She iiainlytl went to Ireland

Paragraph 3

ytvorep and suffering
A famine in 1943 killed ashsotdun
worsened the taisuoint
help the poor while living gmano them

Paragraph 4