Muscles Flashcards
1. Name four types of muscles / TYPES OF MUSCLES:· PARALLEL
· PENNATE
· CONVERGENT
· CIRCULAR
2. Which muscle type has long fibers that contract a long way but are relatively weak? / PARALLEL MUSCLE
3. Name 3 types of PENNATE MUSCLES / PENNATE (pinnate=feather)
1. UNIPENNATE
2. BIPENNATE
3. MULTIPENNATE
4. What type of muscle has many short fascicles, is fairly strong, and insert on one side of a tendon? / UNIPENNATE
5. What muscle type has fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sides? / BIPENNATE
6. What muscle type has fascicles in multiple bundles inserting on one tendon?
7. Which muscle type is the strongest? / MULTIPENNATE are the strongest; they are multi-tendon (biceps femoris; deltoid).
8. What muscle type has more fibers than parallel, the fibers come together on the tip of a tendon, and contract a greater distance than pinnate? / CONVERGENT MUSCLE
9. What does a Circular Muscle form? / · Circular Muscle forms SPHINCTER.
10. Define ORIGIN
11. Define INSERTION / Origin: The region which usually doesn’t move when the muscle contracts. Look at the biceps brachii; does the shoulder move when I bend my arm (insertion)? No; the shoulder = origin.
Insertion: The point of attachment that moves; bend arm,
radial tuberosity = attachment.
12. What is the main muscle for a particular action
13. called? / AGONIST
14. What is the muscle that helps the agonist (primary mover)? / SYNERGIST
15. What muscle does the opposite action of the prime mover? / ANTAGONIST
16. What are the 3 types of muscle cells? / · SKELETAL
· SMOOTH
· CARDIAC
17. Which muscles are voluntary?
18. Which are striated? / 1) Skeletal
2) Skeletal and cardiac
19. Where is skeletal muscle found and what does it do? / Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and it moves the skeleton
20. Where is cardiac muscle found and what structure does it have that the other muscle types do not have? / Cardiac muscle is only in the heart. It has intercalated discs
21. Where is smooth muscle found? / Smooth muscle is found in almost all organs, such as the stomach and uterus.
22. What happens to muscles after much exercise?
23. / Exercise à HYPERTROPHY (Hyper=above normal) (growth in size); can happen in two ways:
1. Increase in number of myofibrils
2. Increase in number of myofilaments
3. Increase in size of individual myofibers
NOTE: the number of myofibers does NOT increase
24. What happens to muscles after lack of use? / Lack of use à ATROPHY.
25. What are characteristics of muscle atrophy? / a) It is caused by lack of use
b) myofilaments within the muscle decrease in size
c) severe atrophy involves replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue
d) damaged nerve and immobilization in a cast can cause atrophy
Atrophy does NOT involve loss of muscle cells
26. When smooth muscle contracts around the intestines, the movement is called? / PERISTALSIS.
27. Fill in the table:
Skeletal muscle / Smooth muscle / Cardiac muscle
Involuntary or voluntary?
Striated or non-striated
Where is it found?
/ Skeletal muscle / Smooth muscle / Cardiac muscle
Invol voluntary? / Volun / Involun / Involun
Striated or nonstriated / Striated / Non-striated / Striated
Where is it found? / Inserts onto bones / blood vessels, uterus, intestines,
bladder, other
organs / Myocardium
of heart
28. What is the molecular energy needed for MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
29. What do the mitochondria need in order to produce this energy? / · ATP.
· The mitochondria need oxygen and the sugars that are in storage to produce this energy.
30. What is OXYGEN DEBT?
31. How do you know when you have it? / · The amount of oxygen needed to replenish the supply following anaerobic demand.
· You experience oxygen debt when you continue to breathe heavily after exercising
32. What is it that contracts in muscle? / · The sarcomere
33. What is the basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle? / · Sarcomere
34. What is an example of an isometric contraction? / · Pushing against a wall
35. What is an example of an isotonic contraction? / · Lifting a weight
36. What is HYPOtonia? What type of hypotonia is there? / · Not enough muscle tone
· Flaccidity
37. What group of disorders often present with HYPOtonia? / · Lower motor neuron diseases (certain spinal cord injuries and lesions, ALS/Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
38. What is hypertonia? What two types of HYPERtonia are there? / · Excess muscle tone
· Spasticity and Rigidity
39. What autoimmune disorder often presents with spasticity? / · Multiple sclerosis
40. What generally causes muscle fasciculations?
41. Does alcohol cause them? / · Diarrhea
· Dehydration
· Fatigue
· Benadryl
Alcohol does NOT cause them. It relaxes muscle
42. What are the waste products of regular, aerobic respiration? How do we get rid of them? / · CO2 and water. We exhale them
43. What is the waste product of anaerobic metabolism? How do we get rid of it? / · Lactic acid. We breathe heavier to bring in oxygen, which converts lactic acid into glucose
44. What stops us from being able to continue performing anaerobic metabolism (when you have to stop sprint running and catch your breath)? / · Glucose depletion and buildup of too much lactic acid.