Detailed Review Concepts for Final Exam
CHAPTER 1
population
sample
statistics
parameters
random samples
stratified random samples
incidental samples
randomization
nominal scales
ordinal scales
interval scales
ratio scales
discrete numbers
real numbers
exact scores
reported scores
independent variable
dependent variable
behavioral variables
stimulus variables
order of operations
CHAPTER 2
frequency distribution
percentiles
quartiles
deciles
percentile ranks
score interval
cumulative frequency
histogram
frequency polygon
positively skewed distribution
negatively skewed distribution
P50
Q2
real lower limit
CHAPTER 3
mode
bimodal distribution
median
mean
mean of combined groups
CHAPTER 4
yi
variance
s2
within groups variance
between groups variance
total variance
CHAPTER 5
standard deviation
unbiased estimate
s
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
normal distribution
z score
T score
degrees of freedom
CHAPTER 6
unit normal curve
table of z scores and areas
probabilities of z
proportions under the unit normal curve
percent of cases above or below z
CHAPTER 7
sampling distribution
Central Limit Theorem
standard error
confidence interval
1.96z
alpha
CHAPTER 8
null hypothesis
scientific or alternative hypothesis
"significant"
"not significant"
p < .05
critical region
Type I error
Type II error
power
beta
statistical conclusion
CHAPTER 9
rxy
cross-product
sum of cross-products
covariance
scatterplot
negative correlation
zero correlation
restriction in range
causality
standard error of rxy
sampling distribution of r
Fisher's Zr
Zr ± 1.96z confidence interval
CHAPTER 10
Y intercept (a)
Slope (b)
coordinate value
regression line
standard error of estimate
Y obtained
Y predicted
a + bX + e
bivariate normal distribution
CHAPTER 11
table of significance r values
sy2
variance error of estimate
sest2
rxy2
practical importance of rxy
df for rxy
CHAPTER 12
standard error of a statistic
sampling distribution of mean differences
standard error of a mean difference
z test statistic
two-tailed test
practical importance of a mean difference
statistical significance of a mean difference
statistical assumptions for z
CHAPTER 13
degrees of freedom
critical values of t
z versus t
assumptions for the t test
test statistics for
omega squared
CHAPTER 14
z test when rxy is known
correlated data
two-tailed test
one-tailed test
percentile equivalents for levels of alpha
df for correlated t test
negative t
CHAPTER 15
homogeneity of variance assumption
single factor ANOVA
t2
Post hoc tests
Type I error with multiple t tests
F ratio
sb2
sw2
between groups variance
within groups variance
b2
w2
t2
source table
sum of squares
SSbetween
(Yt)2 /N
mean square
F test statistic
table of F values
df between
df within
df total
sampling distribution for F
F versus t
omega squared
assumptions for F test
CHAPTER 16
correlated ANOVA model
uncorrelated ANOVA model
ANOVA source table for correlated data
sum of squares between subjects
yr2
df between
df residual
df total
between rows variation
residual
df error for correlated and uncorrelated ANOVA
CHAPATER 17
parametric tests
nonparametric tests
Type II error with nonparametric tests
distribution free tests
observed frequencies
expected frequencies
distribution when df = 30
sampling distribution of
Yates' correction
contingency table
null hypothesis for
no-association hypothesis
hypothesis for z test of independent proportions
df for in a contingency table
df for single classification
phi coefficient
N