Supplemental Table S1*. Chemical and isotopic data for produced water samples collected from oil reservoirs in the Schrader Bluff formation (SB1, SB2), the Kuparuk formation (K2, K3), or the Ivishak formation (I2) of the Alaska North Slope.Oils from Ivishak, Kuparuk and Schrader Bluff reservoirs had an API gravity of 290, 240, 8 – 220, respectively (Masterson et al., Org. GeoChem. 32:411-441, 2001; Housenechtand Bird, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1732-A, 2005,
Well Number / SB1 / SB2 / K2 / K3 / I1 / I2Status1 / NS / NS / NS / S / NS / S
Sulfide2 (mg/L) / - / - / 17.5 / 130 / 14-28 / 200
DIC (mM) / 47.3 / 30.1 / - / - / - / -
DIC δ13C (‰) / 15.4 / 13.8 / - / - / - / -
Oil δ13C (‰) / -29.8 / -30.0 / -30.5 / - / - / -
CH4 (% headspace) / 0.8 / 1.2 / - / - / - / -
CH4δ13C (‰) / -48.0 / -49.7 / - / - / - / -
CH4δD (‰) / -267 / -281 / - / - / - / -
Ethane (ppmv) / 933 / 1737 / - / - / - / -
Ethane δ13C (‰) / -25.8 / -28.0 / - / - / - / -
Propane (ppmv) / 1200 / 1996 / - / - / - / -
Propane δ13C (‰) / -26.1 / -26.7 / - / - / - / -
Butane (ppmv) / 453 / 494 / - / - / - / -
n-Butane δ13C (‰) / -27.5 / -28.5 / - / - / - / -
Isopentaneδ13C (‰) / -27.1 / -28.5 / - / - / - / -
Water δD (‰) / -125 / -125 / -139 / -44 / -38 / -38
Water δ18O (‰) / -15.0 / -15.3 / -18.3 / 0.0 / 4.0 / -0.8
Cl (mg/L) / 8170 / 7050 / 2092 / 11629 / 11500 / 13118
SO4 (mg/L) / nd / nd / 4.5 / 11.5 / 76 / 611
δ34S (‰) / bd / bd / bd / bd / bd / 30.1
-, not available; nd, not detected; bd, below detection
1NS, non-soured; S, soured as determined by field operators based on historical data.
2 Last sulfide measurement available (test separator, gas composition, H2S, ASTM D4810-88 (2012-2013).
*This table was reproduced from that originally published in Piceno et al. (2014) “Temperature and injection water source influence microbial community structure in four Alaskan North Slope hydrocarbon reservoirs”. Front Microbiol5:409. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00409.
Supplemental Table S2. Sequencing reads and assembly statistics. MiSeq (pair-ends, read length = 250 bp) option was used for samples SB1 and SB2. HiSeqreads (pair-ends, read length = 150 bp) were acquired for samples K2, K3, I1 and I2. *Contigs greater than 2,000 bp were included in the assembly for further analysis.
Samples / Total reads for assembly (bp) / Fraction of sequences went into assemblies* / Fraction of sequences from assembly went into draft bins / Total binsSB1 / 7,912,451,500 / 0.6776 / 0.8778 / 63
SB2 / 8,579,403,000 / 0.6358 / 0.7818 / 43
K2 / 16,216,430,100 / 0.8707 / 0.8906 / 16
K3 / 17,022,509,400 / 0.3556 / 0.7442 / 14
I1 / 14,545,585,200 / 0.9040 / 0.9784 / 3
I2 / 13,444,690,800 / 0.8921 / 0.8747 / 11
Supplemental Table S3. Genomes recovered from each produced water sample collected from oil reservoirs in the Ivishak formation (I1, I2), the Kuparuk formation (K2, K3), or the Schrader Bluff formation (SB1, SB2) of the Alaska North Slope. The bin names include two numbers: the first is the percent G+C content, the second is the calculated genome coverage.
Genomes / SamplesHalomonas_54_146 / I1
Pseudomonas_63_8 / I1
Thermoanaerobacter_34_5835 / I1
Archaeoglobus_49_95 / I2
Clostridia_42_10 / I2
Desulfonauticus_38_4375 / I2
Methanobacteriaceae_41_258 / I2
Methanogen_55_53 / I2
Methanothermobacter_50_10 / I2
Thermococcales_40_8 / I2
Thermococcales_44_46 / I2
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_54 / I2
Thermotoga_47_8 / I2
Thermotoga_50_64 / I2
Archaeoglobus_fulgidus_49_2300 / K2
Bacterium_42_11 (phylum not assigned) / K2
Caldanaerobacter_subterraneus_38_43 / K2
Clostridia_54_36 / K2
Firmicutes_41_269 / K2
Moorella-like_60_41 / K2
Petrotoga_mobilis_34_12 / K2
Thermococcales_43_69 / K2
Thermococcus_litoralis_44_1299 / K2
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_1485 / K2
Thermotoga_50_1627 / K2
Thermotga_lettingae_39_14 / K2
Thermotoga_naphthophila_46_26 / K2
Thermococcus_sibiricus_41_94 / K2
Caldanaerobacter_subterraneus_34_81 / K3
Clostridia_62_21 / K3
Methanobacteria_50_154 / K3
Methanobacteriales_40_6925 / K3
Methanosarcinales_56_1174 / K3
OP1_64_32 / K3
Synergistales_45_125 / K3
Synergistetes_54_24 / K3
Thermacetogenium_phaeum_55_64 / K3
Thermoanaerobacterales_50_218 / K3
Thermococcales_41_28 / K3
Thermococci_40_45 / K3
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_35 / K3
Thermotoga_47_83 / K3
Thermotogales_41_9 / K3
Thermovirga_lienii_47_9 / K3
Actinobacteria_66_15 / SB1
Anaerolineae_40_4 / SB1
Anaerolineae_49_20 / SB1
Anaerolinaceae_46_16 / SB1
Anaerolinaceae_50_18 / SB1
Archaea_52_97 / SB1
Bacterium_34_17 (phylum not assigned) / SB1
Bacterium _34_27 (phylum not assigned) / SB1
Bacterium _44_17 (phylum not assigned) / SB1
Bacterium _45_6 (phylum not assigned) / SB1
Bacterium _56_5 (phylum not assigned) / SB1
Bacteroidetes_38_7 / SB1
Chloroflexi_35_7 / SB1
Chloroflexi_46_14 / SB1
Clostridia_33_59 / SB1
Clostridia_34_15 / SB1
Clostridia_36_33 / SB1
Clostridia_51_5 / SB1
Clostridiales_38_11 / SB1
Desulfotomaculum_46_80 / SB1
Desulfotomaculum_46_296 / SB1
Euryarchaeota_49_5 / SB1
Firmicute_34_26 / SB1
Fumicute_34_58 / SB1
Firmicute_40_6 / SB1
Marinimicrobia_46_47 / SB1
Mesotoga_infera_46_47 / SB1
Mesotoga_prima_46_7 / SB1
Methanobacteria_39_4 / SB1
Methanobacterium_42_16 / SB1
Methanobacteriales_33_4 / SB1
Methanocalculus_52_23 / SB1
Methanoculleus_marisnigri_60_61 / SB1
Methanoculleus_marisnigri_62_101 / SB1
Methanomicrobia_61_82 / SB1
Methanomicrobiales_51_9 / SB1
Methanosaeta_harundinacea_57_489 / SB1
OD1_33_209 / SB1
OD1_34_609 / SB1
OD1_41_9_patial / SB1
OP9_34_73 / SB1
OP9_34_128 / SB1
OP9-JS1_34_124 / SB1
OP9-like_34_59 / SB1
OP11_39_7 / SB1
OP11-like_39_6 / SB1
OP11_related_36_6 / SB1
Pelotomaculum_thermopropionicum_49_5 / SB1
Petrotoga_mobilis_34_7 / SB1
Proteiniphilum_acetatigenes_50_10 / SB1
Proteobacteria_55_5 / SB1
Spirochaetales_54_5 / SB1
Synergistetes_53_16 / SB1
Synergistia_57_84 / SB1
Syntrophobacterales_55_5_plus / SB1
TA06_32_111 / SB1
Thermoanaerobacterales_60_4 / SB1
Thermoplasmata_48_7 / SB1
WS6_36_17_mix / SB1
WS6_34_10 / SB1
WS6_36_33 / SB1
WS6_36_42 / SB1
Anaerolinea_thermophila_47_9_mix / SB2
Anaerolinea_thermophila_48_20 / SB2
Anaerolinea_thermophila_50_19 / SB2
Anaerolinaceae_46_22 / SB2
Bacteriodetes_29_5 / SB2
Bacterium_42_6 / SB2
Bacterium_50_5 (phylum not assigned) / SB2
Chloroflexi_43_5_mix / SB2
Chloroflexi_46_16 / SB2
Chloroflexi_55_4 / SB2
Clostridia_34_48_mix / SB2
Clostridia_37_6 / SB2
Clostridia_46_7 / SB2
Clostridiales_45_118 / SB2
Desulfotomaculum_kuznetsovii_45_62 / SB2
Desulfotomaculum_kuznetsovii_46_44 / SB2
Euryarchaeota_49_6 / SB2
Firmicutes_42_5 / SB2
Marinimicrobia_46_31 / SB2
Mesotoga_infera_46_70 / SB2
Methanocelleus_60_29 / SB2
Methanoculleus_marisnigri_63_41 / SB2
Methanomicrobiales_53_19 / SB2
Methanosaeta_harundinacea_56_747 / SB2
OD1_32_520 / SB2
OD1_42_7 / SB2
OP9_34_868 / SB2
OP9-JS1_34_191 / SB2
OP9-like_34_37 / SB2
OP11_36_7 / SB2
OP11_37_5 / SB2
OP11_40_6 / SB2
Peptococcaceae_bacterium_44_7 / SB2
Proteiniphilum_51_7 / SB2
Synergistetes_53_10 / SB2
Synergistetes_54_9 / SB2
Synergistetes_58_81 / SB2
Syntrophobacterales_51_5 / SB2
TA06_34_109 / SB2
Thermotogae_45_5 / SB2
Thermotogales_46_20 / SB2
Thermoplasmata_49_6 / SB2
WS6_36_11_mix / SB2
Supplemental Table S4.Homology of binned genomes from metagenome data to sequenced genomes based on amino acid identity (blastp) of conserved proteins. The bin names include two numbers: the first is the percent G+C content, the second is the calculated genome coverage. The draft genomes were recovered from produced water samples collected from oil reservoirs in the Ivishak formation (I1, I2), the Kuparuk formation (K2, K3), or the Schrader Bluff formation (SB1, SB2) of the Alaska North Slope.
Bins / Proteins / Identity(%) / Sequenced Genomes / SampleThermoanaerobacter_thermocopriae_34_583 / gyrA / 98.88 / Thermoanaerobacterthermocopriae / I1
Halomonas_54_146 / gyrA / 94.57 / Halomonas sp. HAL1 / I1
Desulfonauticus_38_4375 / gyrB/recA / 95.2/97.4 / Desulfonauticus A7A / I2
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_54 / gyrB/recA / 97.76/100 / Thermodesulfobacterium commune / I2
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_1485 / gyrB / 97.76 / Thermodesulfobacterium commune DSM2178 / K2
Thermotga_lettingae_39_14 / gyrA / 99.63 / Thermotgalettingae / K2
Thermotoga_naphthophila_46_26 / recA/gyrA / 100/100 / Thermotoganaphthophila/Thermotogasp. RQ2 / K2
Petrotoga_mobilis_34_12 / recA / 94.8 / Petrotogamobilis / K2
Thermotogae_50_1627 / gyrA / 73.39 / Thermotgalettingae / K2
Caldanaerobacter_subterraneus_38_43 / gyrA / 99.75 / Caldanaerobactersubterraneus subsp. yonseiensis KB-1 / K2
Thermovirga_lienii_47_9 / gyrA/recA / 99.86/100 / Thermovirgalienii / K3
Thermacetogenium_phaeum_55_64 / gyrA / 98.77 / Thermacetogeniumphaeum / K3
Thermotoga_47_83 / gyrA / 100 / Thermotoga sp. RQ2 / K3
Thermodesulfobacterium_commune_37_35 / gyrA / 97.8 / Thermodesulfobacterium commune DSM 2178 / K3
Moorella-like_60_41 / gyrA / 72.1 / Moorellathermoacetica / K3
OP1_64_32 / recA / 71 / CandidatusAcetothermusautotrophicum / K3
Methanosaeta_haundinacea_57_489 / gyrA / 90.94 / Methanosaeta_haundinacea / SB1
Mesotoga_infera_46_47 / gyrA / 91.7 / Mesotogainfera / SB1
Methanoculleus_marisnigri_62_101 / gyrA / 90.2 / Methanoculleusmarisnigri / SB1
Pelotomaculum_thermopropionicum_49_5 / gyrB / 86.83 / Pelotomaculumthermopropionicum / SB1
Marinimicrobia_46_47 / gyrA / 66.3 / Marinimicrobia / SB1
OP9_34_128 / gyrA / 90.7 / Atribacteria bacterium SCGC AAA255-G05 / SB1
OP9_34_73 / recA / 81.7 / Unclassified Atribacteria
OP9-like_34_59 / gyrA / 67.36 / Atribacteria bacterium SCGC AAA255-G05 / SB1
Methanosaeta_haundinacea_56_747 / gyrA / 90.94 / Methanosaetahaundinacea / SB2
Mesotoga_infera_46_7 / gyrA / 91.7 / Mesotogainfera / SB2
Methanoculleus_marisnigri_63_41 / gyrA / 90.2 / Methanoculleusmarisnigri / SB2
Peptococcaceae_bacterium_44_7 / recA / 97.7 / Peptococcaceae bacterium / SB2
Marinimicrobia_46_31 / gyrA / 66.3 / Marinimicrobia / SB2
OP9-JS1_34_191 / gyrB / 86.5 / Atribacteria bacterium JGI 0000079-L04 / SB2
OP9-like_34_37 / recA / 80.4 / Unclassified Atribacteria / SB2
Supplemental Table S5. Anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation enzymes. A genome must have at least one of the enzymes to be considered as potentially able to degrade hydrocarbons.
alkylsuccinate synthasebenzylsuccinate synthase
succinyl-CoA:(R)-Benzylsuccinate-CoA transferase
benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase
benzoyle-CoA-reductase
alkane-1-monooxygenase
benzene carboxylase
monooxygenaseflavin-binding protein
ethylbenzene dehydrogenase
cyclohex-1,5-diene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase
6-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase
benzoate-CoA ligase
benzoate-CoA reductase
cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase
2-hydroxycyclohexane carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase
2-ketocyclohexane carboxyl-CoA hydrolase