U.S./VA History SOL Review
American Beginnings: Clash of cultures to developing a new nation
I. Early Colonies (Interactions: Europeans, Native Americans & Africans: violence, disease, loss of land)
A. Southern Colonies (Virginia)
Settlement- Jamestown: settled by joint stock companies (private investors) for economic opportunities, “Cavaliers” with land grants from the king
Government-VA House of Burgesses=1st elected assembly in New World (representatives), large landowners in Easter coastal areas dominate government
Economy- agriculture, plantation economy, VA tobacco plantations, also rice and indigo in South, ; indentured servants work off passage, then free; slaves arrive in Jamestown in 1619, increased development of slavery (MIDDLE PASSAGE) later leads to conflict with the North
Society-family status & size of property, Church of England, strong ties to England
People-John Smith, Powhatans, Nathaniel Bacon (rebellion)
Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, North & South Carolina, Georgia
B. New England Colonies: (Massachusetts Bay)
Settlement-settled by Puritans for religious freedom, intolerant of other religions
Government- “covenant community” (Mayflower Compact), direct democracy (town meetings)
Economy-based on ship building, fishing, lumbering and later manufacturing: Puritan work ethic, small subsistence farming
Society-religious standing in the community most important; Rhode Island created by intolerance, violent conflicts between Native Americans and settlers
People: John Winthrop, Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, King Philip (Metacom), Pilgrims (Plymouth)
Colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut
C. Middle Colonies: (Pennsylvania, New York)
Settlement- settled for both religious freedom & economic opportunity by English, Dutch (NY) `and German (PA)
Economy-shipbuilding, arming and trade (Commerce), cities develop around trade
Society-many religious groups (Quakers-PA)-RELIGIOUS TOLERATION, middle class develops around cities and trade, get along well with Native Americans especially at first
People: William Penn, New Netherlands (Dutch)
Colonies: Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware
D. Early Colonial Developments:
Slavery: middle passage, Southern plantations, conflict between North & South
Great Awakening: religious revival challenges established religion, foundation for revolution
II. The War for Independence:
A. Revolution: Thomas Paine: Common Sense; Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence (Locke & Paine); Patrick Henry: "Give me liberty or give me death."; French and Indian War leads to: Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act; Boston Tea Party; 1st Continental Congress (1st time all 13 together); Boston Massacre; 2nd Continental Congress, Olive Branch Petition; Minutemen; Lexington & Concord; Patriots, Loyalists (Tories) and Neutrals; George Washington, Commander of Continental Army, Saratoga (French), Yorktown (end)
B. Factors leading to victory: Diplomatic-French Alliance (navy) by Ben Franklin; Military-George Washington's generalship, French aid
III. Creating a new Government
A. Articlesof Confederation: Problems: weak central (federal/national) government, Congress has no power to tax, regulate trade between states, no common currency (money), each state has one vote regardless of size, no power to raise an army, no chief executive (President), no court system. Shays' Rebellion Successes: Land Ordinance 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Shays' Rebellion
B. Constitution of the United States:
1. Constitutional Convention: George Washington, Chairman, James Madison, author : "Father of the Constitution (later Bill of Rights-based on VA Statute of Religious Freedom-Jefferson; & VA Declaration of Rights-George Mason). Issues: balance of state & federal power (federal law supreme)
Compromises: Great Compromise-Bicameral Senate (2 reps per state--NJ Plan) & House (population--VA Plan); 3/5 Compromise-representation & taxation; Three co-equal branches-executive, legislative, judicial. Factions: Federalists=strong central government, Anti-Federalists=Bill of Rights
IV. Early National Political Development through The Civil War
A. First Political Parties: Federalists-John Adams & Alexander Hamilton vs. Democratic Republicans -Thomas Jefferson
B. Supreme Court: John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison=judicial review, McCulloch v. Maryland=states can't tax federal property (the power to tax is the power to destroy)
C. Growth and development: Louisiana Purchase; War of 1812=nationalism; Monroe Doctrine; American System- Growth of Railroads and Canals (Erie) aids westward movement and industrialization; Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin=Cotton Kingdom & increased slavery; Manifest Destiny leads to Mexican War James K. Polk), Mexican cession
D. Andrew Jackson & The Common Man: the Corrupt Bargain (1824) ,Universal White Male Suffrage (1828), Spoils System, Tariff of Abomination & Nullification Crisis, Indian Removal Act-Trail of Tears, 2nd Bank of the U.S. (Panic of 1837)
E. Second Great Awakening: reform movements including abolition, temperance, prison & asylum, education, women's rights (Seneca Falls), women lead reforms, Charles G. Finney
F. Sectional Tensions: North-industrial, South-agricultural, tariff, westward expansion, sectionalismSlavery: Missouri Compromise of 1820, Compromise of 1850; abolition, William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator), Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin), Slave revolts (Nat Turner, VA), Popular Sovereignty ( Kansas Nebraska Act repeals Missouri Comp), Bloody Kansas, John Brown, Nullification & Secession fights, Dred Scott Decision, Frederick Douglass, (antebellum)
G. Abraham LincolnThe Civil War: Republican Party, Lincoln-Douglas debates. Election of 1860 leads to S.C. secession (fear of abolition by Lincoln), Fort Sumter, Emancipation Proclamation (Antietam), Gettysburg (high tide of the Confederacy-turning point), Gettysburg Address, Vicksburg, Robert E. Lee-Army of Northern Virginia, Ulysses S. Grant, Army of the Potomac, Appomattox , assassination by John Wilkes Booth, Andrew Johnson (VP) becomes president
H. Reconstruction: Radical Republicans, 13, 14 & 15th amendments (F,C,V), Andrew Johnson's impeachment, Martial law, carpet baggers, Hiram Revels, Share Cropping, KKK, Rutherford B. Hayes ends Reconstruction, returns home rule (Redeemer Governments), loss of rights for freedmen
VI. Post Civil War-Industrial Revolution
A. Westward Movement Increases: Cowboys-cattle drives Texas to Kansas RR, Homestead Act of 1862=free land, Populist movement, grange
B. Immigration:Before 1871=northern & western Europe (Ireland & Germany), after 1871=southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia) and Asia (China, Japan). Northern states-textile mills, Chinese=transcontinental RR, Slavs, Poles & Italians=coal mines, dangerous jobs, low pay), Ellis Island (E) and Angel Island (W), Melting Pot, assimilation, religious & cultural differences=discrimination, Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, Immigrant Restriction Act, 1921 (quota)
C. Industrial Revolution: problems: rapid growth of cities=housing shortages, public service problems (sewage, water, public transportation), long hours, dangerous conditions, unions, inventions/innovations: corporation (limited liability), Bessemer steel process, Light bulb (Edison) & electricity (power, heat, light), telephone (Bell), Airplane (Wright Brothers), Assembly Line & automobile (Ford). Industrialists: Carnegie (steel, vertical), Rockefeller (oil, horizontal integration), Morgan (banking), Vanderbilt (railroads)
E. Discrimination/segregation: Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal), Booker T. Washington (accommodation), W.E. B. DuBois (confrontation)& NAACP
F. Progressive Movement: government fixes problems of industrialization, Teddy Roosevelt: Square Deal, Woodrow Wilson: New Freedom, 17th Amendment (senators), child labor laws, muckrakers (Upton Sinclair, The Jungle), Labor unions: Knights of Labor (1 big Union), American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers, skilled), American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs, socialism). Strikes: Haymarket Square (end of Knights of Labor), Homestead Strike (Steel); Antitrust Laws: Sherman Anti-Trust Act (price fixing), Clayton Anti-Trust Act (expands); Women's Suffrage: Susan B. Anthony-19th Amendment (1920)
VII. American Expansionism through World War II
A. Creation of International Markets: Open Door Policy (China), Dollar Diplomacy (Latin America), Roosevelt Corollary (investment protection), Panama Canal (TR) as a result of independence from Colombia, Hawaii-Pearl Harbor as a result of overthrow of queen, Alaska purchased by Seward
B. World War I: Woodrow Wilson-Fourteen Points: self-determination, League of Nations. Mandate system (England, France in Middle East), Treaty of Versailles: punishment of Germany-reparations, new nations from seized land), resentment,
C. The Great Depression: Causes & Effects: over speculation (stocks on borrowed money), farm crisis, debt (buying on credit), uneven distribution of wealth, high protective tariff & war debt policies(Hawley-Smoot), Black Tuesday-(oct. 29)=stock market collapse, bank runs cause bank failure, unemployment & bread lines, dust bowl, Hoover fails to act (business cycle),bonus army.
D. The New Deal: The 3 R's: Franklin D. Roosevelt-1932 (changes role of government), Relief (direct and Indirect--WPA), Recovery (back to normal--AAA), Reform (correct so can't happen again--FDIC), Social Security Act, Fireside Chats
E. World War II: War in Europe: 9/1/1939-Hitler invades Poland (appeasement, Chamberlin), U.S. neutral 2 years until 12/7/1941. Final Solution (genocide), Battle of Britain (air war) (Churchill), Lend Lease, War in Asia: begins 1930's-Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Open Door violated), U.S. cuts off oil/scrap iron to Japan, Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941-FDR: "A date that will live in infamy." U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. (Axis Powers) AlliedStrategy: Europe First (Defeat Hitler First)Europe: Eisenhower, Island Hopping Campaign (Pacific-McArthur). Major battles: Europe: Stalingrad: Eastern Front (Russia), D-Day (Normandy Landings -FR) June 6, 1944 (2nd front) Pacific: Midway (saves Australia), Iwo Jima/Okinawa-Kamikaze (Japanese homeland) Atomic bombs: Truman--to save lives, Hiroshima, Nagasaki. Minority participation: segregated black units, Tuskegee Airman, Japanese-American Regiments. Geneva Convention violated (Bataan Death March, Philippines). Media censorship in U.S., Japanese Internment Camps, Draft (selective service), women replace men in workforce (Rosie the Riveter). Post War: Russia-Eastern & Central Europe & East Germany=communist (USSR), Europe rebuilt by Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine to prevent spread of communism, United Nations
VIII. The Cold War: end of WWII (1945)- collapse of Soviet Union *USSR) (1989)-U.S. v. U.S.S. R.-government & economic conflict: Democracy and Capitalism vs. Totalitarianism and Communism (extreme socialism). NATO v. Warsaw Pact (defensive alliances-military),(good for VA economy), U.S. helps establish the nation of Israel (1949);communist takeover in China, fear and paranoia, Berlin Wall (Germany), nuclear arms race, space race, Containment: Korean War (stalemate), Vietnam: Geneva accords divide, JFK then LBJ ('63) buildup U.S. aid & troops, Opposition: college campuses, draft, Nixon=Vietnamization, (replace US with Vietnam troops), Kent State massacre, mistreatment of Vietnam Vet. North Vietnam victory, 1975. Cold War at Home: American lifestyle changed by fear of world communism, Alger Hiss, Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (spies sell nuclear secrets to the USSR), McCarthyism (rumor or association). JFK inaugural speech: "Pay any price, bear any burden , meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe in order to assure survival and success of liberty." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." Cuba: Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis. Watergate Scandal: Nixon cover-up. Fall of the USSR: internal problems -military race costs, nationalism, fast move to market economy. Mikhail Gorbachev: glasnost (openness), perestroika (economic restructuring). Role of Ronald Reagan: increased military/economic pressures on USSR. Space Race: new technology and advancements, Jonas Salk: Polio Vaccine
LBJ: The Great Society--War on Poverty (defeated by Vietnam expenses)
IX. Civil Rights Movement: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka KA, 1954, Thurgood Marshall (NAACP), Oliver Hill (VA NAACP). Little Rock Nine, Virginia's response: massive resistance; Rosa Parks-Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dr. Martin Luther King, 1963 March on Washington: "I Have a Dream." TV plays essential role, non-violent mass protests, freedom riders, Civil Rights Act, 1964 (LBJ)-desegregation of public facilities, prohibits discrimination; Voting Rights Act, 1965 (LBJ)-outlaws literacy tests, poll taxes, federal marshals register voters in the South. NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples. Bakke Decision: reverse discrimination, attacks affirmative action
X. Women's Studies: Sally Ride, 1st woman astronaut; Sandra Day O'Connor, 1st woman supreme court justice; Geraldine Ferraro, 1st female VP candidate from a major party, Glass Celiing, ERA 1972 (Equal Rights Amendment)