All the Things to Remember

US HISTORY STATE TEST

STUDY GUIDE

TO DOMINATE THE US HISTORY TEST

All the Things to Remember

·  Foreign policy means dealings with other countries, Domestic Policy means dealings inside US

·  20th century actually means the 1900’s and the 19th century means the 1800’s

·  Rural means out in the country- Urban means city.

·  Pre means before and Post means after

·  Imports- products entering the country- Exports- products going out of the country

·  Segregate- to separate races, Integrate – combine races- put together

·  Political- dealing with laws, Economic- issues dealing with money

·  Isolationism-

·  Internationalism-

·  Suffrage-

Court Cases

·  Plessy vs. Ferguson- “separate but equal” segregation is ok

·  Brown vs Board of Education- schools must integrate – combine races- overturned Plessey

·  Munn vs. Illinois - Upheld Granger state laws regulating railroad commerce.

·  Gideon vs Wainwright – This 1963 Supreme Court case ruled that states are required by the 6th Amendment to provide legal counsel for defendants if they can not afford their own lawyer.

·  Miranda vs Arizona – This is the court case that upheld that the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law officials to advise a suspect of his rights to remain silent and to obtain a lawyer.

·  Roe vs Wade – This was the Supreme Court case that declared that most state and federal laws restricting abortion were unconstitutional and violated women's rights according to the 14th amendment.

·  Schenck vs US- LIBERTY VS. SECURITY - upheld theEspionage Act of 1917and concluded that a defendant did not have aFirst Amendmentright to expressfreedom of speechagainst thedraft duringWWI.

·  Korematsu vs US- LIBERTY VS. SECURITY - case concerning the constitutionality ofExecutive Order 9066, which orderedJapanese Americansintointernment campsduringWWII

·  Engel vs Vital- unconstitutional for state officials to compose an officialschool prayerand encourage its recitation inpublic schools.

·  Scopes vs Tennessee- Tradionalism (Fundalmentalism) vs. Modern Technology/ Religion vs. Science - Prosecution of TN school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution

Amendments

·  14th- Definescitizenship, contains thePrivileges or Immunities Clause, theDue Process Clause, theEqual Protection Clause, and deals with post-Civil Warissues

·  15th- Prohibits the denial ofsuffragebased on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

·  16th- income taxes (populists)

·  17th- direct election of senators (populists)

·  18th- prohibition- no alcohol (progressives & women)

·  19th- women’s suffrage- right to vote (progressives & women)

·  20th- change inauguration for Prez from March to Feb- Lame Duck (HOOVER)

·  21st- repeal prohibition- alcohol legal again- “noble experiment”

·  22nd- Prez only elected 2 times (no more than 10 yrs)

·  23rd- people living in Washington DC have same rights as all states

·  24th- ended poll tax in voting

·  25th- presidential succession- who comes in if Prez dies

·  26th- 18yr olds can vote- direct effect of young men in Vietnam

·  ERA- Equal Rights Amendment - stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex.

US History THEMES

Western life – 1862-1899- cowboys, mining, farmers, railroads, Native Americans, Dawes Act, Homestead Act, Transcontinental RR,

Gilded Age- 1873-1900- corruption, bribery, political bosses, job regulation, Populist movement

Industrialization – 1873-1917, unions, immigrants, strikes, lockouts,

Expansionism - 1865-1914, moving west- gaining land, Spanish Am War, Roosevelt Corollary

Imperialism – post WWII, 1945 to now- world power, gaining islands, military bases, Cuba, Philippines,

Hawaii, Alaska, Protecting US from Worldwide perspective

Progressivism- 1893-1920, muckrakers, middle class, women, Gov’t regulation and protection

WWI- 1914- 1920, Allied vs. Central, Woodrow Wilson, Selective Service act, Zimmerman, Lusitania

Roaring twenties – 1919-1929, jazz age, Harlem renaissance, big business growth, prohibition

Depression/New Deal- 1931-1941- Hoover, Stock market crash, FDR, relief, recovery, reform

WWII- 1941-1945, Allied vs. Axis – FDR, Truman, D-day, Yalta, Potsdam, Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project)

Cold War- 1945-1990, US vs. Soviet Union- stop spread of communism

Civil Rights- 1955- 1970, Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Cesar Chavez

Vietnam- 1961-1976, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon- escalation, South Vietnam, Tet Offensive

Presidential Platforms

Teddy Roosevelt- Square Deal, Franklin Roosevelt- New Deal, Harry Truman Fair Deal

John F Kennedy- New Frontier, Lyndon B. Johnson- Great Society

CIVIL RIGHTS

After the Civil War, freedmen seemed to obtain rights with the passage of theThirteenth,Fourteenth, andFifteenth Amendments. However, afterReconstructionended in 1876, these rights were quickly rescinded until the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1896 case ofPlessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal.
In the 1954 case ofBrown v. Board, the Supreme Court overturned thePlessycase by declaring that segregated facilities were inherently unequal, and ordered the integration of the nation's public schools. In 1955,Rosa Parksrefused to give up her seat in the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus for a white rider. This attracted the attention ofDr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott, eventually resulting in the end of such racist policies. These events sparked the modern Civil Rights Movement that allowed African-Americans to exercise their civil rights, and inspired other groups to do the same.
African-American Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board
(1954) / Overturned thePlessy case by declaring that segregated facilities were inherently unequal, and ordered the integration of the nation's public schools.
Montgomery Bus Boycott(1955) / Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus for a white rider, leading African-Americans to boycott public bussing.
Little Rock Crisis
(1957) / After schools in Arkansas, refused to admit Blacks to all-white schools, President Eisenhower authorized the U.S. Army to escort and protect African-American students.
University of
Alabama
(1963) / Governor George C. Wallace refused to allow African-American students to register for classes at the all-white University of Alabama. President Kennedy authorized the use of the National Guard to enforce educational integration.
March on Washington
(1963) / Martin Luther King and his SCLC organized a massive demonstration in Washington, D.C., where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of methods to get results. These included practicingnon-violenceandpassive resistance(sit-ins,boycotts,freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged byDr. King. However, other leaders such asMalcom Xdemanded that civil rights needed to be achieved, "by any means necessary," including using acts of violence if need be.
Overall, the struggle was successful, and the government began to grant civil rights to African-Americans.
African-American Civil Rights Law
Civil Rights
Act of 1964 / Provides criminal penalties for discrimination in employment or voting and integrates most pubic facilities.
24th
Amendment
(1964) / Banned the poll tax.
Voting Rights
Act of 1965 / Banned literacy tests in counties where over half of eligible voters have been disenfranchised.
This successful civil rights reform inspired other groups to follow similar tactics in order to achieve similar results.
Hispanic-Americans
Hispanic-Americans have struggled to obtain civil rights in two key areas: labor protection, political representation, and desegregation.
Cesar Chavezhelped to organize mostly Hispanic migrant farm workers using non-violent methods into theUnited Farm Workersunion which later merged with the AFL-CIO. This attention to the plight of migrant farmers has led to safer working conditions and more stringent government regulations.
Ignacio Lopezestablished theUnity League of Californiain order to promote political candidates who would represent Hispanic interests. The Unity League also sought and achieved integration of public schools in CA.
Native Americans
Beginning in colonial times, native tribes were dislocated and pushed West. The most classic example is that of theTrail of Tearsin which the Cherokee Nation was forced from Georgia and resettled in the mid-West in the 1830s under extremely harsh conditions. American settlers continued pushing westward, resulting in theIndian Warsof the late 1800s, which resulted in the failedDawes Act, an attempt at Americanizing natives, and the reservation system. In 1934, theIndian Reorganization Act was passed which strengthened tribal land claims and tribal authority while providing practical educational opportunities for native groups.
In 1968, theAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)was founded as a response to the government's Termination Policy which was aimed at limiting or eliminating the financial assistance provided to native groups. AIM used militaristic action to focus attention on native problems in order to gain publicity.
Many native groups have since filedland claimsin NY, claiming that negotiates that resulted in the loss of native lands were unconstitutional because states do not have treaty-making powers with foreign nations.
Feminism
The Women's Movement was rekindled after women's suffrage was obtained in 1920.Betty Friedan wroteThe Femine Mystiquein 1963 which question the traditional domestic female role in the United States. Friedan also went on to establish theNational Organization for Women (NOW)in 1996 in order to obtain legislation guaranteeing equality for all women.
Feminist Law
Equal Rights
Amendment
(NEVER PASSED) / Congress approved this proposal to guarantee that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex." However, the states failed to ratify it.
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
(1972) / Required employers to pay equally qualified women the same as their male counterparts.
Title IX of
Educational Amendments Act
(1972) / Gave female athletes the same right to financial support for individual and team sports as male athletes.
In the Supreme Court case ofRoe v. Wade, women were granted the right to have an abortion. This decision has proven controversial and has been hotly debated ever since.
Disabled Americans
The rights of disabled Americans were first championed byDorthea Dixin the early 1800s. She helped provide institutions for the disabled who were being mistreated across the nation. However, problems with institutionalizing disabled American including abuse and neglect soon became the norm.
Disabled American Law
Education of All Handicapped Children Act
(1972) / Required states to mandate education for all students regardless of mental and/or physical disability.
Americans With Disabilities Act
(1990) / Mandated construction codes, public access, and employment opportunities for the disabled.
Today, many schoolsmainstreamstudents with disabilities so that they take classes with other students their own age.
Affirmative Action
Many of these groups were guaranteed equality throughAffirmative Action, which is a label used to describe the many methods used to guarantee that women, minorities, and the disabled have equal opportunities in education and employment.
The landmark case ofUniversity of California Board of Regents v. Bakkefound that while affirmative action was constitutional, race could not be the only criteria used to allow applicants to attend a university. So while race could be an criteria for selection, it could not be the only criteria.
Rights of the Accused
In the 1960s under theWarren Court, the Supreme Court handed down decisions that vastly expanded the rights of the accused in the United States.
Rights of The Accused Case Summaries
Mapp v. Ohio
(1961) / Upheld the Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure.
Gideon v. Wainwright
(1963) / Required that the accused be provided with an attorney by the government even if they cannot afford one.
Escobedo v.
Illinois
(1964) / Required that the accused be provided with an opportunity to meet with an attorney.
Miranda v.
Arizona
(1966) / Required that the accused be informed of their rights and that they understand them before being questioned.

Wars at a glance

Spanish American War - IMPERIALISM

United States and Cuba vs. Spain

Causes:

1.  Cuba trying to break away from Spanish rule

2.  Yellow Journalism- newspaper writings of Spanish harsh treatment of Cubans

3.  US Sugar market and economic interests in Cuba only 90 miles from Florida

4.  USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba harbor- blamed on Spanish

Facts:

1.  1898- Known as the Splendid Little War- few deaths, lot of winnings

2.  fought in Cuba and in Spanish controlled Philippines in Pacific

3.  Teddy Roosevelt fought as leader of the rough riders

Effects:

1.  Treaty of Paris- $20 million- US won control of Puerto Rica, Guam and the Philippines

2.  US freed Cuba from Spanish control- Platt amendment- US still has limited powers

3.  US became world Sea power with naval base in Pacific in Philippines

World War I

Allied Powers: (1) Great Britain (2) France (3) Russia (drops early) (4) US (enters late) (5) Italy

Central Powers: (1) Germany (2) Austria-Hungary (3) Ottoman Empire (4) Bulgaria

Causes:

1.  unrestricted submarine warfare- German U-boats sinking us merchant ships

2.  Zimmerman telegram- note sent from Germany to Mexico to get US into a war

3.  Russia (soon to be the Soviet Union) withdraws from the war early and leaves Britain to fight Germany alone. The communist Bolsheviks took over the Czar in Russia and caused the red scare (fear of Communism) to spread across the world including America

4.  Most US citizens took the side of the British and French instead of the Germans

Facts:

1.  WWI began in 1914- 1919 but US wanted to remain neutral and isolated

2.  US helps Allies only with Lend Lease and Cash and Carry

3.  The vote in Congress, on April 6, 1917, to declare war was far from unanimous.

4.  Once the war breaks out in Europe and America realizes they will be drawn into the war the Selective Service Act is passed. This is the first official draft in U.S. and it requires men to register to fight.

5. Wilson writes a 14 point peace plan- with the League of Nations

Effects:

1.  Germany loses and is disarmed- charged reparations- must repay war debts- left in depression

2.  Russia becomes communist Soviet Union

3.  United States does not join the League of nations- goes back to Isolationism

4.  World goes into post war depression

World War II -

Allies: (1) US (2) France (3) Great Britain (4) China (5) Soviet Union

Axis: (1) Germany (2) Italy (3) Japan

Causes:

1.  Germany is attempting to take over Europe

2.  Germany was sinking US merchant ships

3.  Japan bombed Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

Facts:

1.  1939 -1945.US joins in 1942- second largest and deadliest war in history- 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide, and aerial bombing.