Literature Search

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Literature search

A total of 3558 citations were retrieved from the electronic databases. After initial screening of titles and abstracts using the aforementioned criteria, 45 articles were identified for full-text review. Of these, 13 reviews [1-13], 2 animal studies [14, 15], 19 lacking mean of SD [16-34] and 4 letters to the editor [35-38] were further excluded. Hence, seven articles [39-45] involving 451 kidney stone cases and 482 controls were included in our final meta-analysis.

[1] Arrabal-Polo MA, Giron-Prieto MS, Cano-Garcia Mdel C, Poyatos-Andujar A, Quesada-Charneco M, Abad-Menor F, Arias-Santiago S, Zuluaga-Gomez A and Arrabal-Martin M. Retrospective review of serum and urinary lithogenic risk factors in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Urology 2015;85: 782-5.

[2] Tang J and Chonchol MB. Vitamin D and kidney stone disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013;22: 383-9.

[3] Eisner BH, Thavaseelan S, Sheth S, Haleblian G and Pareek G. Relationship between serum vitamin D and 24-hour urine calcium in patients with nephrolithiasis. Urology 2012;80: 1007-10.

[4] Renkema KY, Alexander RT, Bindels RJ and Hoenderop JG. Calcium and phosphate homeostasis: concerted interplay of new regulators. Ann Med 2008;40: 82-91.

[5] Reinwald S, Weaver CM and Kester JJ. The health benefits of calcium citrate malate: a review of the supporting science. Adv Food Nutr Res 2008;54: 219-346.

[6] Worcester EM and Coe FL. New insights into the pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Semin Nephrol 2008;28: 120-32.

[7] Vezzoli G, Soldati L and Gambaro G. Update on primary hypercalciuria from a genetic perspective. J Urol 2008;179: 1676-82.

[8] Bai S and Favus MJ. Vitamin D and calcium receptors: links to hypercalciuria. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006;15: 381-5.

[9] Trinchieri A. Bone mineral content in calcium renal stone formers. Urol Res 2005;33: 247-53.

[10] Lindberg JS. Calcimimetics: a new tool for management of hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2005: S33-6.

[11] Martola L, Barany P and Stenvinkel P. Why do dialysis patients develop a heart of stone and bone of china? Blood Purif 2005;23: 203-10.

[12] Unwin RJ, Capasso G and Shirley DG. An overview of divalent cation and citrate handling by the kidney. Nephron Physiol 2004;98: p15-20.

[13] Moyad MA. The potential benefits of dietary and/or supplemental calcium and vitamin D. Urol Oncol 2003;21: 384-91.

[14] Bai S, Wang H, Shen J, Zhou R, Bushinsky DA and Favus MJ. Elevated vitamin D receptor levels in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats are associated with downregulation of Snail. J Bone Miner Res 2010;25: 830-40.

[15] Okamoto N, Aruga S, Tomita K, Takeuchi T and Kitamura T. Chronic acid ingestion promotes renal stone formation in rats treated with vitamin D3. Int J Urol 2007;14: 60-6.

[16] Pipili C and Oreopoulos DG. Vitamin D status in patients with recurrent kidney stones. Nephron Clin Pract 2012;122: 134-8.

[17] Haghighi A, Samimagham H and Gohardehi G. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and risk of kidney stone formation in postmenopausal women. Iran J Kidney Dis 2013;7: 210-3.

[18] Nguyen S, Baggerly L, French C, Heaney RP, Gorham ED and Garland CF. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the range of 20 to 100 ng/mL and incidence of kidney stones. Am J Public Health 2014;104: 1783-7.

[19] Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Mayne ST, Rosen CJ and Shapses SA. The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: what dietetics practitioners need to know. J Am Diet Assoc 2011;111: 524-7.

[20] Diaz-Lopez B and Cannata-Andia JB. Supplementation of vitamin D and calcium: advantages and risks. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21: 2375-7.

[21] Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D and Women's Health Initiative I. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006;354: 669-83.

[22] Corbetta S, Baccarelli A, Aroldi A, Vicentini L, Fogazzi GB, Eller-Vainicher C, Ponticelli C, Beck-Peccoz P and Spada A. Risk factors associated to kidney stones in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2005;28: 122-8.

[23] Bid HK, Chaudhary H and Mittal RD. Association of vitamin-D and calcitonin receptor gene polymorphism in paediatric nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20: 773-6.

[24] Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ and Curhan GC. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15: 3225-32.

[25] Lahme S, Feil G, Strohmaier WL, Bichler KH and Stenzl A. Renal tubular alteration by crystalluria in stone disease-an experimental study by means of MDCK cells. Urol Int 2004;72: 244-51.

[26] Arlt W, Fremerey C, Callies F, Reincke M, Schneider P, Timmermann W and Allolio B. Well-being, mood and calcium homeostasis in patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard treatment with calcium and vitamin D. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146: 215-22.

[27] Williams CP, Child DF, Hudson PR, Davies GK, Davies MG, John R, Anandaram PS and De Bolla AR. Why oral calcium supplements may reduce renal stone disease: report of a clinical pilot study. J Clin Pathol 2001;54: 54-62.

[28] Yamakawa K, Franco-Coronel OE, Ohnishi T, Suzuki R, Satani H and Kawamura J. Loss of regulation of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with paradoxically decreased serum phosphate levels in individuals with recurrent kidney stones. Urol Res 2000;28: 155-8.

[29] Cupisti A, Morelli E, Meola M, Lenti C, Barsotti M, Palmieri D, Sposini S and Barsotti G. Serum calcitriol and dietary protein intake in idiopathic calcium stone patients. Int J Clin Lab Res 1999;29: 85-8.

[30] Trinchieri A, Nespoli R, Ostini F, Rovera F, Zanetti G and Pisani E. A study of dietary calcium and other nutrients in idiopathic renal calcium stone formers with low bone mineral content. J Urol 1998;159: 654-7.

[31] Dlugos DJ, Perrotta PL and Horn WG. Effects of the submarine environment on renal-stone risk factors and vitamin D metabolism. Undersea Hyperb Med 1995;22: 145-52.

[32] Bataille P, Achard JM, Fournier A, Boudailliez B, Westeel PF, el Esper N, Bergot C, Jans I, Lalau JD, Petit J and et al. Diet, vitamin D and vertebral mineral density in hypercalciuric calcium stone formers. Kidney Int 1991;39: 1193-205.

[33] Gascon-Barre M, D'Amour P, Dufresne L and Perreault JP. Interrelationships between circulating vitamin D metabolites in normocalciuric and hypercalciuric renal stone formers. Ann Nutr Metab 1985;29: 289-96.

[34] Elkoushy MA, Sabbagh R, Unikowsky B and Andonian S. Prevalence and metabolic abnormalities of vitamin D-inadequate patients presenting with urolithiasis to a tertiary stone clinic. Urology 2012;79: 781-5.

[35] Assimos DG. Re: vitamin D status in patients with recurrent kidney stones. J Urol 2014;191: 679.

[36] Beiraghdar F and Abbaszadeh S. Re: elevated serum levels of vitamin d in infants with urolithiasis. Iran J Kidney Dis 2012;6: 391-2.

[37] Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium plus vitamin D and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006;354: 2285-7; author reply -7.

[38] Shen FH, Baylink DJ, Nielsen RL, Sherrard DJ, Ivey JL and Haussler MR. Increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in idiopathic hypercalciuria. J Lab Clin Med 1977;90: 955-62.

[39] Berlin T, Bjorkhem I, Collste L, Holmberg I and Wijkstrom H. Relation between hypercalciuria and vitamin D3-status in patients with urolithiasis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1982;16: 269-73.

[40] Fallahzadeh MH, Zare J, Al-Hashemi GH, Derakhshan A, Basiratnia M, Arasteh MM, Fallahzadeh MA and Fallahzadeh MK. Elevated serum levels of Vitamin D in infants with urolithiasis. Iran J Kidney Dis 2012;6: 186-91.

[41] Giannini S, Nobile M, Castrignano R, Pati T, Tasca A, Villi G, Pellegrini F and D'Angelo A. Possible link between vitamin D and hyperoxaluria in patients with renal stone disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1993;84: 51-4.

[42] Jarrar K, Amasheh RA, Graef V and Weidner W. Relationship between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D, calcium and uric acid in urinary stone formers. Urol Int 1996;56: 16-20.

[43] Leaf DE, Korets R, Taylor EN, Tang J, Asplin JR, Goldfarb DS, Gupta M and Curhan GC. Effect of vitamin D repletion on urinary calcium excretion among kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7: 829-34.

[44] Netelenbos JC, Jongen MJ, van der Vijgh WJ, Lips P and van Ginkel FC. Vitamin D status in urinary calcium stone formation. Arch Intern Med 1985;145: 681-4.

[45] Shakhssalim N, Gilani KR, Parvin M, Torbati PM, Kashi AH, Azadvari M, Golestan B and Basiri A. An assessment of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3, estradiol and testosterone in men with active calcium stone disease and evaluation of its biochemical risk factors. Urol Res 2011;39: 1-7.