Tuesday December 15th: Day 8
YWBAT …
· Define important grammatical terms used to discuss sentence structure.
· Avoid errors in pronoun-case agreement (Error 4).
Do Now:
· Open to the GRAMMAR section of your binder. Copy the practice sentence below, and use your notes on adjective/adverb agreement and on punctuation problems to correct ALL errors.
Practice:
She did not receive a great education
when she was a child, consequently she has an
extreme low tolerance for her children doing
poor in school.
Name and Date: ______
Mrs. DeMella: English 2H
Grammar Notes
TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW
Listen while we go through the following together:
1) All sentences can be divided into SUBJECTS and PREDICATES.
My sister Mary / is a lovely girl.
Subject Predicate
· The subject is what or whom the sentence is about.
· The predicate tells something about the subject.
PREDICATES
· The predicate is composed of an ACTION verb and its object(s) (together with any modifiers, etc.) OR it is composed of a LINKING/STATE OF BEING verb and its subject complement.
If the VERB is an action verb, it will often be followed by an object or objects (direct object, indirect object).
Direct Object – He kissed her.
Indirect Object (to whom or for whom – must go with a direct object) – He gave me the book. I gave him the present.
PREPOSITIONS are also followed by objects
PREPOSITIONS: These (usually small) words link a noun or a pronoun (he, she, him, her, it, you, us, we I, etc.) to the rest of the sentence. They show time, spatial (location) or logical relationships between words.
Examples: on, beneath, between, during, above, after, up, for, with, at, in, by, below, except, into, across, about, etc…
Object of a Preposition – The book was written by her. He went to the concert with me.
______
If the VERB is a linking verb/state of being verb (like ‘is’ or other forms of ‘to be’), it will be followed by subject complements (a subject complement can be a predicate adjective or a predicate nominative/noun).
· A predicate adjective is a subject complement that is an adjective, and that is in the predicate of a sentence. It follows a linking verb, and it describes the subject. (That idea is great.)
· A predicate nominative is a subject complement that is a noun or pronoun located in the predicate of a sentence (it follows a linking verb) and it renames the subject. (Our teacher is Mrs. DeMella).
Practice:
1. For the following sentences, separate the subject from the predicate by using a backslash (/).
A. Meghan and her friends are cool.
B. They are the nicest girls in school.
C. My sister and I did the crossword puzzle.
2. Underline the verb in each sentence above and indicate whether or not the verb is an ACTION or a LINKING verb.
3. Which sentence has a DIRECT OBJECT in the predicate? ___
4. Which sentences have subject complements in their predicates? ______
5. Which sentence contains a predicate adjective? ____
6. Which sentence contains a predicate nominative? ____
More Practice:
Practice: Identify the function of the underlined words (subject, indirect object, direct object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, predicate adjective)
1. The book that I am reading is interesting.
2. John, Manny, and she will graduate this spring.
3. The best basketball players will play Michael Jordan and me.
4. The woman with Bob and her is an opera singer.
5. William offered Todd and us some coffee. Only Manny and I accepted his offer.
Pronoun CasePronouns (and nouns) in English display "case" according to their function in the sentence. Their function can be:
· Subjective/Nominative (they act as the subject/they name the subject. ‘Nom’ means name)
· Objective (they act as the object)
· Possessive (they show possession of something else)
The following table shows the different forms for pronouns depending on case.
Subjective/Nominative
case / Objective
case / Possessive
case
personal pronouns / singular / 1st / I / me / mine
2nd / you / you / yours
3rd / he
she
it / him
her
it / his
hers
its
plural / 1st / we / us / ours
2nd / you / you / yours
3rd / they / them / theirs
relative / interrogative pronouns / who / whom / whose
whoever / whomever
which, that, what / which, that, what
indefinite pronouns / everybody / everybody / everybody's
A problem of case: Mary and I or Mary and me?
1. Mary and I are delighted to be here today. (NOT Mary and me)
2. The letter was addressed to Mary and me. (NOT Mary and I)
In 1, Mary and I are subjects, which is why the pronoun takes the subjective/nominative case ("I"). In 2, Mary and I are objects, which is why the pronoun takes the objective case ("me"). An easy way to check the correct case is to try the sentence without Mary. Would you say "I am delighted to be here" or "Me am delighted to be here"? Would you say "The letter was addressed to me" or "The letter was addressed to I"?
Name and Date: ______Mrs. DeMella English 2H
GRAMMAR: ‘PRONOUN CASE ERRORS’ (Error 4)
These common errors occur when a writer uses a pronoun in the wrong case/form.
Example:
Incorrect: John and me went to the movie.
Correct: John and I went to the movie.
They are not all this easy!
HERE IS A CHEAT SHEET TO HELP YOU:
NOMINATIVES:
· SUBJECT of a verb = NOMINATIVE case
He and I went to the party.
The other girls and she decided to skip the practice.
· APOSITIVE (This RENAMES the subject and is NOT in the predicate) = NOMINATIVE case. It might be separated from the rest of the sentence by dashes or commas.
The valedictorian and salutatorian – he and she – each spoke at the graduation.
· SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (This is either a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. These rename or describe the subject, respectively). = NOMINATIVE case
The only one I want to marry is he.
This is she. - predicate nominatives
The counselors are they.
It is I.
· SUBJECT IN A CLAUSE = NOMINATIVE case
He attacked the man who had insulted him.
I did not know who it was.
An A student is a boy or girl who studies a lot.
TRICK: to figure out if you should use ‘who’ or ‘whom’, make it a question:
- Who had insulted him? He had. (He is nominative, so you use ‘who’)
- Who was it? It was he. (He is nominative – this is a subject complement/predicate nominative – so you use ‘who’)
- Who studies a lot? He does. (He is nominative, so you use ‘who’)
OBJECTIVES:
· DIRECT OBJECT = OBJECTIVE case
Sally asked him to the dance.
The zombie attacked him and me.
· INDIRECT OBJECT (to whom or for whom) = OBJECTIVE case
Sally gave him no chance to refuse.
She handed the tickets to him.
· OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION = OBJECTIVE case
*Review: Prepositions are words like: in, on, beneath, between, during, above, after, up, by, for, into, with, across, except, below, since, about, etc… They link nouns/pronouns/phrases to the rest of the sentence, and show temporal (time), logical, or spatial relationships.
Carol Anne, by whom the memoir was written, had a very interesting life.
(TRICK: For whom was the memoir written? It was written for her. (Her is objective, so you use ‘whom’)
Everyone likes Cindy except Tom and me.
Between you and me, I’m becoming suspicious of Laura and him.
Cheat sheet
Todd went to the party with John and me.
· AS THE SUBJECT (strange, I know!) or OBJECT of an INFINITIVE (to go, to do, to give)
Example: She asked him to help her.
Name and Date: ______
Pronoun Case Errors (“Grammar/Error 4”)
Mrs. DeMella: English 2H
Directions: Correct the following sentences for pronoun case errors.
1. Me and Bill have been friends since we were children.
2. Except for Lauren and I, everyone had gone home for the day.
3. The two of us were the only people whom were left in the building.
4. Marty and me went to the party. Who did Scott go to the party with? (Also – correct this so that it does not end with a preposition)
5. I did not know whom it was who had given me the love note. Now, Todd was
always asking me out, so I guessed it was probably he, but I was not sure.
6. The bedbugs in the hotel were terrible. They bit both Josh and I when we
were staying there, and later we were horrified to discover that we had
brought them home with us!
7. You gave an engagement ring to someone! I can’t believe you didn’t tell your
mother and I. Who did you give it to? We have to meet her.
PRACTICE: Which is it?
The man who/whom I love is a musician.
The man who/whom loves me is a musician.
Name and Date: ______
Mrs. DeMella/2H
“Grammar”
Practice Sentences: The following sentences are correct OR they contain errors with adjective/adverb confusion or with pronoun case. Work with your partner to correct any errors.
1. I suspect that your father and him will be in trouble for their actions.
2. I think the vegetables smell a little rottenly.
3. The only contestants still answering trivia questions were Bernice and he.
4. He feels exceptionally bad about his behavior in class today.
5. Things were beginning to look badly for the entrapped regiment.
6. It is very important that you drive very slow when in a school zone.
7. Mr. Lindh told Paul and I to put the problems on the blackboard.
8. There’s enough pie left for you and her.
9. The chairman appointed Paul and me to serve on the committee.
10. Clean out the closet pretty good before you add the new dresses.
11. I am sure that him and Henry already have plans for the weekend.
12. Between you and I, I’m becoming suspicious of Sybhilla and he.
13. I am certain that the fish left on the counter overnight smell horrible.
14. Lester played pretty bad for the first five innings of the game.
15. The candidates that I voted for all turned out to be corrupt.
16. I believe that us boys are in a great deal of trouble.
17. There is quite a lot of jealousy between she and her sisters.
18. They were planning a party for Mary and I.
19. If you hit the dog, he simply behaves more stubbornly.
20. William Butler Yeats, by whom the small cabin was built, was a better poet than carpenter.
21. The boy who I went out with for years turned out to be a liar and a cheat.
22. The eventual winners, he and she, each answered fifty questions correctly.
Name and Date: ______Mrs. DeMella English 2H: “Grammar”
DO NOW Directions:
Choose the correct pronoun to complete each of the sentences below. Then, identify the function of the pronoun you chose.
Functions: direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, subject of the sentence, subject of a clause, appositive, subject complement
1. I punched he/him. (function = ______)
2. Who/Whom did you punch? (function = ______)
3. The boy Who/Whom I punched has a black eye now. Hahaha. (function = ______)
4. I gave he/him a taste of my wrath. (function = ______)
5. I gave a taste of my wrath to he/him. (function = ______)
6. To who/whom did you give a taste of your wrath? (function = ______)
7. I like everyone except he/him. (function = ______)
8. Can you keep this story between you and I/me? (function = ______)
9. I don’t want to get in trouble for hitting he/him. (function = ______).
10. He/Him and She/Her conspired together to commit the crime. (function = ______)
11. The criminal and the heiress, he/him and she/her, are talking together at the bar. (function = ______)
12. The mastermind is she/her. (function = ______)
13. The criminal, who/whom is not very bright, could never have planned such a heist. (function = ______).
14. Who/Whom caused them to get caught? (function = ______)
15. The detective who/whom solved the crime was played by Benedict Cumberbatch. (function = ______).
· ANYTHING THAT IS AN OBJECT GETS AN OBJECTIVE PRONOUN
1. I punched him. (him = direct object)
2. Whom did you punch? (Whom = direct object)
3. The boy whom I punched has a black eye now. Hahaha. (direct object)
4. I gave him a taste of my wrath. (him = indirect object)
5. I gave a taste of my wrath to him. (object of a preposition)
6. To whom did you give a taste of your wrath? (obj. of a prep.)
7. I like everyone except him. (object of a preposition)
8. Can you keep this story between you and me? (object of a preposition)I don’t want to get in trouble for hitting him. (direct object).
· ANYTHING THAT IS A SUBJECT (including APOSITIVES which rename subjects) OR A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE gets a NOMINATIVE PRONOUN (That includes subjects in clauses, wherever they are located in a sentence).
9. He and she conspired together to commit the crime. (BOTH subjects)