Supplementary Material
Longlist of national and provincial policies included in the review in chronological order with major policy group. Some comments from the stakeholder workshop are added. The key policies are stated in Table 3. In Table A1 “mentioned in [province name]” denotes that policy was brought up in discussions and more details added when available. Policy groups relate to L=Land, A/F= Agriculture or Forestry Sector, CC= Credit and capital, STE = Science, technology and extension, SD = sustainable development and rural development, M= marketing
Table A1. Selected list of national policies of relevance for agroforestry incentives/disincentives
Policy / Major policies in chronological order with content and comments from respective policy workshops / Policy groupL / A/F / CC / STE / SD / M
Directive 100/1981/CT (khoan) / Agricultural land
· Production contract to groups of workers in agriculture cooperatives
· Objective to increase agriculture productivity and labour outputs / Ag
Resolution 10/1988 /NQ / Agricultural economic management reform
· Beginning of the renovation policies
· Household is the main unit of agricultural production and provided allocation of land use rights
· Affect land, rice, fertiliser and agricultural trade / x / Ag / (x)
Forest Protection and Development Law 1991 (ended in 2005) / The management of commercial State forests transferred to private owners through various types of tenureship
· Legal framework for forest land allocation / For
Land Law 1993
Builds on Resolution 10/1988, associated with Decree 2/1994/CP / Land allocation (Land Law 1993-2004)
· Households get long-term 5 rights to use, transfer, exchange, inherit, rent and mortgage land and land price (agriculture and forestland)
Forestland allocation (Decree 2/1994)
· Starting land allocation of forestland
· Classifies forestland into special use, protection and production forest (See Directive 38/2005) / x / Ag
For
Decree 1/1995/CP (ended in 2005) / Contract forest protection and farming for agriculture
Mentioned in Yen Bai: land allocation
· Production determined by contract, allow intercropping (paragraph 8).
· Agricultural land for perennial and annual plants (paragraph 9 and 10).
· Forestland for protection forest, special use forest, or production forest (paragraph 12, 13 and 15). / Land use / Ag
For
AF
Mentioned in Son La: land allocation for agro-forestry-aquaculture
· states the rights and duties of household and individuals who received allocated land, including rights to integrate annual and perennial crops / Land use / AF
Replaced by 135/2005/NĐ-CP / For
Programme 327
Decision 327/1992/CT (1992-1997);
followed by
Programme 661
Decision 661/1998/QĐ-TTg / Forest development programmes: Programme 327 “Regreening uplands” and Programme 661 “5 million hectare”
Main objective: reforestation
· Support projects designed sustainable forest development (both agriculture and forestry): 60 % for infrastructure and 40% for production (seeds, capital) / For
Dien Bien: Programme 661 not completed
661 replaced by 100/2007/QDD-TTg / For
Decision 135/1998/QĐ-TTg (for communes) / Program for socioeconomic development in “difficult” and remote mountainous areas
Period I 1997-2006
· General development including agriculture development, e.g. seedlings
· Seeds for 100.000 dong/person/year to poor households
Period II 2006-2010
· Speed up agriculture development (training, village extension for agriculture, forestry and aquaculture), high-yielding crops and trees
· Infrastructure, agriculture inputs and equipment, capacity building, irrigation
Period III 2012-2015 ( Decision 551/2011/QD-TTg) / Agr (For) / x
Son La: supported production models
Dien Bien: policy had little impact
Decree 163/1999/NĐ-CP replaces Decree 2/1994/NĐ / Forest land allocation and lease for forestry (1994-2004)
· Land tenure certificates (Red Book for forestland, Red Book has 5 rights Green Book is for temporary management – now official document/legal document) : for plantation, protection and special use forests
· Forest-land leased to organizations, households and individuals and foreign organisations for forestry / Land rent / For
Yen Bai: cost-free forestland land allocation to households, organizations and individuals for permanent use (paragraph 4). / Land use / For
Yen Bai and Son La: land can be used for agro-forestry (paragraph 15). / Land use / AF
Decree 163 replaced by 181/2004/NĐ-CP (Land Law 2004-2014) and Decree 43/2014/NĐ-CP / Land use
Directive 36/2000/CT-BNN-KL / Directive 36 regulates the cultvated area.
MARD’s Official letter 3165/2007/BNN-LN on projects in the uplands for promoting agriculture and forestry to replace shifting cultivation and deforestation for food production. / For
Agr
Decision 178/2001/QĐ-TTg
/ Benefits, rights and duties of households or individuals who rent allocated forest and forest land.
Support for forest protection for forest manager and forest owner. / For
Mentioned in Yen Bai / For
Son La: Protection forests are allocated to manage, protect and replant; forest products can be harvested, such as fruit, flower, oil, resin. Reforestation is regulated. Forestland that is not for protection can be used for perennial crops, protect forest or mixed with local forest species as regulated by DARD. The policy enables the whole area to be mixed and maximum 20% of the forestland area can be used for agriculture crops.
Regulations for production forests stipulate what agriculture crops, medicinal plants and forest species can be used. / Agr For
AF
Land law
(2003 -2013)
13/2003/QH11 / Regulate long-term land use rights
Household economy is the main unit for agriculture and forestry production / x / Ag (For)
Replaced by Land law (2013-2023) 45/2013/QH13
and Resolution 49/2013/QH13 extending the land use for cultivation / x / Ag For
Law on forest protection and development 2004 / Permits integrated forestry - agriculture - aquaculture production in forest management regulations, except for special use forest / AF
Decision 146/2005/QĐ-TTg / Land allocation to ethnic and poor households
· Land reclamation from forest state enterprise allocated to ethnic households in accordance with Decision 134/2004/QD-TTg on support for agriculture production
· Perennial trees such as medicinal, timber, fruit and industrial trees / Land rent / For
Directive 38/2005/CT-TT / Forest zoning
· Official uniform planning of forestland into protection forest, special use forest and production forest by province
· Special use forest allows agroforestry with multiple use tree species (non-timber tree product harvest, not timber e.g. Docynia indica) / Land use classif / For
Decree 131/2006/NĐ-CP
replaced by 38/2013/NĐ-CP / Management of ODA for agriculture and forestry development
· Use of ODA (loans) for agriculture and rural development (for provincial DARD through DPI)
Mentioned in Yen Bai.
Decision 18/2007/QĐ – TTg / Strategy for forestry development and six forestry programs 2006-2020
· Area for regenerated forest (plantation) and agroforestry 0.62 million ha.
· In-depth development plan for production forest for medium and large scale material processing from intensive cultivation.
· Productivity and quality from integrated forestry - agriculture - aquaculture production
· Encourage business and economic sectors to participate in forestry development and production
· Research programme on agroforestry / For
AF / (x) / x
Decision 147/2007/QĐ-TTg / Objective: Develop production forest for 2007-2015:
Regulate support levels for production forest, regeneration forest and protection of natural production forest. Investment for
· roads to silviculture forest
· transport of forest products for wood and bamboo processing plants (timber or plywood) in the northwest region with 1.500 VND/ton/km for the first five years (only for enterprise)
· forest development in poor communes
· forest plantation and management, nurseries (up to 300 million for new buildings, up to 75 million for refurbishment)
· high quality forest breeding center up to 2.25 million
· 200.000VND/ha for extension on forest plantation / For / x / x
Mentioned in Yen Bai
Dien Bien: widely applied / For
Decision 2945/2007/QD-BNN-KL following 15/2007/CT-BNN / Support to upland farmers for sustainable cultivate shifting cultivation
/ x
Resolution 30a/2008/NQ-CP / National Target program for sustainable poverty reduction (30A) 2016-2020
· for the 62 poorest districts.
Include several policies such as
Decision 551-QD-TTg/2011 (Period III 2012-2015 of Decision 135/1998) / x
Mentioned in Yen Bai and Son La. For example, in Son La support for reclamation (10 million VND/ha) and recovery of degraded arable land (5 million VND/ha) for fodder production, and for seedlings and fertilizer during transfer from short-duration crops to perennial industrial crops, such as tea, coffee, rubber, and fruit trees
Decision 2621/2013/QD-TTg Supplement to Resolution 30a
Support 10-15 million VND/ha for restoring terraced land for agroforestry production (added after the policy review) / For
AF / (x)
Decision 497/2009/QD-TTg / Support interest rates for loans to buy machines and equipment for agro-forestry production
Mentioned in Son La / x
Decree 2/2010/NĐ-CP / On agriculture and aquaculture extension
· Regulations for extension models and technical consultancy services
· Agriculture and forestry products
Mentioned in Yen Bai / Agr For / x
Decree 41/2010/NĐ-CP / Preferential credit for agriculture.
• Loans without collateral: 50 million VND for households, 200 million VND for farms (trang trai), 500 million VND for cooperatives.
• Credit accompanying forest development programmes: for 5 million hectare forest (programme 661); preferential interest rates for production forest (Decision147)
Workshops note: There are no policy on loans to develop agroforestry / Agr
for / x
Circular 63/2010/TT-CP on 15/10/2010 / Support for post-harvest production
Mentioned in Son La / x
Decree 99/2010/NĐ-CP / Payments for forest environmental services
· Defines payments of watershed protection, clean water, carbon sequestration, spawning ground for aquaculture, landscape beauty values
· Projects ongoing in Son La and Dien Bien (not in Yen Bai) / (For) / x
Circular 27/2011/TT-BNN / Guidelines for determining economic criteria for farms
· Circular enables linkages with other policies related to ‘farms’, e.g. Decree 41 on agriculture credits
· Support to diversify annual crops: seeds, extension for new production technology / Agr / x / x
Decision 800/2010/QD-TTg / New Rural Program “Nong Thon Moi” 2010-2020 - overall rural development programme, including e.g.
· Irrigation, extension, agriculture productivity, agriculture mechanisation and commodity production reducing post-harvest losses; motto: “one-village-one-product” / (Ag) / x / x