Department of Archaeology

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY M.A.ARCHAEOLOGY

(Revised and effected from 2006 batch)

CORE COURSES

Course No. Course Title L T P C

ARC 511 Principles and Methods in Archaeology 4 - - 4

ARC 512 World Prehistory 4 - - 4

ARC 513 Indian Prehistory 4 - - 4

ARC 514 Political History of India 4 - - 4

(6th C BC -13th C AD)

ARC 521 Protohistory 4 - - 4

ARC 522 Early Iron Age of India 4 - - 4

ARC 523 Early Indian Art 4 - - 4

ARC 524 Indian Architecture 4 - - 4

ARC 531 Research Methodology 4 - - 4

ARC 532 Ancient Indian Iconography 4 - - 4

ARC 541 Paleography and Epigraphy 4 - - 4

ARC 542 Ancient Indian Numismatics 4 - - 4

Arc-543 Dissertation and Comprehensive viva - - - 6

ELECTIVE COURSES

ARC 501 Museum Methods and Antiquarian Laws 4 - - 4

ARC 502 Archaeology of Kerala 4 - - 4

ARC 503 Ancient Religions of India 4 - - 4

ARC 504 Islamic Architectural monuments at Delhi 4 - - 4

and Agra

ARC 505 Science in Archaeology 3 - 1 4

ARC 506 Field Archaeology Exp - - 1 1

ARC 507 Study Tour - - 1 1

Core Courses

ARC 511 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Principles and Methods in Archaeology

Archaeology - it’s definition, aim, scope and evolution. History of Indian archaeology. Relationship of archaeology with Social and Natural sciences. Retrieval of Archaeological data: techniques of exploration and excavations. Recording. Aims and methods of conservation and preservation of archaeological remains. Post excavation analysis and interpretation of data - scientific, theoretical, analogical, experimental and ethno-archaeological. Preparation of reports. Chronology of dating: Relative: Stratigraphy, typology, seriation, cross-dating, Archaeo-zoological and Archaeo-botanical approaches. Chronometric dating: Carbon-14, Potassium- Argon, Fission track, Thermo-luminescence, Dendro-chronology.

ARC 512 (4, 0, 0, 4)

World Prehistory

Geological, biological and cultural dimension of man. Quaternary period: Pleistocene and Holocene- environmental and climatic changes. Pleistocene flora and fauna, main stages of human evolution and important fossil records. Evolution of Stone - age tools. Typo-technology of Stone - age tools. Prehistory of Europe - Paleolithic to Neolithic cultures and Art. Prehistory of Africa- Paleolithic-Neolithic. Prehistory of China. Prehistory of Myanmar(Burma). Prehistory of Sri Lanka.

ARC 513 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Indian Prehistory

Paleo-environment of Stone Age sites in India -Sohan, Narmada, Godavari and Kotlayar.

Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic cultures of India - distribution, environment, typo-technology of tools, subsistence, art, chronology, evidences from important sites. Mesolithic culture of India - distribution, environment, typo-technology of tools, subsistence, art, evidences from major sites. Neolithic culture of India - evidences from various regions and important excavated sites.

ARC 514 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Political History of India (6th Cent. BC- 13th Cent. AD).

Geography, Sources - Archaeology and Literary. Pre-Mauryan - Janapadas, Persian and Greek invasions, rise of Magadhan Imperialism. Mauryan period- Chandragupta, Ashoka, Mauryan administration, cause of downfall. Post Mauryan rulers-Sunga, Kanva, Indo-Greek, Sakas, Pahalvas, Western Kshatrapas. Kushan Origin and Early History - Vikram and Sakka Eras. Rulers of the Deccan- Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, Vakatakas. Gupta dynasty: Origin, growth, contributions, Huna invasions and downfall. Harshavardan - his conquest, administration, religious policy.

Yosovarman of Kanauj, Gurjara Pratiharas and Palas. Political history of major dynasties in Deccan and South India – Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Gangas, Pallavas, Cholas, Pandyas, Yadavas, Hoysalas and Kakatiyas.

ARC 521 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Protohistory

Pre and Early Harappan village cultures of North-Western India. Harappan Culture -Origin, extent, chronology, factors of urbanization, trade, script, religion arts and craft, factors of decline. Post Harappan cultures in Punjab, Haryana, Rajastan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Chalcolithic Cultures - Ahar, Kayatha, Malwa, Sawalda, Jorwe. Copper Hoard and OCP

ARC 522 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Early Iron Age in India

Iron Age: Origin, Chronology-cultural features. Salient features of Painted Grey Ware culture. Megalithic Cultures of India: Distribution, typology and Material requirement. Salient features of NBPW culture. Excavated early historic site - Rajghat, Ujjain, Taxila, Mathura, Sravasti, Kausambi, Sishupalgarh, Sringaverpura, Satanikotta, Chandraketugarh, Nasik, Ariakmedu, and Nagarjunakonda and Sannathi.

ARC 523 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Early Indian Art

Mauryan Art-Pillar, Caves, Stupas, Stone sculptures and Terracotta. Important art centers of Post Mauryan Period- Barhut, Sanchi, Bodhgaya, Early Mathura, Udaigiri-Khandagiri, Western Indian Hinayana Buddhist caves, Amaravati. Kushan Art- Mathura-Gandhara Nagarjunakonda. The Classical Gupta Art, Vakataka art. Major Art Schools of Deccan and South India Chalukaya, Rahstrakuta, Pallava, Chola, Hoysala. Gujra-Prathiara, Chandelas, Pala-Sena, Eastern Ganga.

ARC 524 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Indian Architecture

Mauryan Architecture - Pillars, Caves, Palaces and Stupa. Post-Mauryan Period: Stupa architecture- Sanchi, Barhut, Amaravti, Nagarjunakonda, Mathura, Pavan-Mori . Rock cut caves of Western India (Maharashtra) and Eastern India (Orissa). Gupta Architecture- Caves and Structural temples, Vakataka Caves at Ajanta. Chalukayan Architecture - Temples at Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal; Rashtrakuta-Ellora-Aurangabad. Parmara temples, Chandela temples and Orissan temples. Evolution of temples under Pallavas and Cholas.

ARC 531 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Research Methodology

Role of research, Characteristics of Research. Research Methodology: Research methods and techniques, Traditional, Scientific, Historical, and Philological methods. Experimental research, survey, case study, field investigation, and evaluation. Hypothesis-its different form of testing. Research Design: Descriptive, diagnostic, exploratory and experimental. Collection of Data. It’s processing and Analysis. Research Report -The research proposal, the introduction, review of literature, the methodology, analysis and interpretation of data summery, conclusion and bibliography. Research Report - A Case Study

ARC 532 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Ancient Indian Iconography

Origin and development of Iconography in India. Antiquity of image worship in India. Iconometry. Iconography of the following deities - Siva, Vishnu, Brahma, Surya, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Parvati Saptamatrikas, Ashtadikapalas, Navagrahas. Buddhist Iconography-Buddha, Dhyani - Buddha, Bodhisattvas, Female deities. Iconography of Mahavira and Jain Tirthankaras.

ARC 541 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Paleography and Epigraphy

Value of inscriptions for historical reconstruction; Origin and antiquity of the art of writing in India Writing materials, prashastis, land grants. Scripts - Kharoshti, Brahmi and its evolution into Nagari script. Study of selected epigraphs-Ashokan Edicts-rock edicts X,XII,XIII, Lumbini Inscriptions of Ashoka,Minor Rock Edicts of Bairat; Besnagar Garuda Pilllar inscriptions; Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela, Nasik inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni and Nahapana. Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman; Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudra Gupta, Aihole Pillar iniscription of Pulakesin II, Gwalior inscription of Mihir Bhoja, Thanjavur inscription of Raja Raja Chola.

ARC 542 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Ancient Indian Numismatics

Origin and antiquity of coinage in Ancient India. Coins as a source of history. Technique of manufacture and metrology. Survey of coin series in India. Punch marked and cast coins. Local and Tribal coins. Satavahana coins. Indo-Greek coins. Kushana coins. Saka_Pahlavas. Coins of Western Kshatrapas.Gupta coins.Coins of Hunas, Maukharis and Pushpabhutis. Chola Pandya and Chera coins.

ARC 543 (0, 0, 6, 6)

Dissertation

Based on Original work by students in any of the following fields - Prehistory, Art, Architecture, Paleography, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Iconography or any related topic of interest and Comprehensive Viva-Voce.

Elective Courses

ARC 501 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Museum Methods and Antiquarian Laws

Museums - Definition, Development, function and organizations of museums. Types of Museums and Museum buildings. Artifacts –their collection, documentation, conservation and preservation. Exhibition – presentation, exhibition techniques, show cases and furniture Exhibit Lighting. Security. A brief history of Indian antiquarian laws in India. Salient features of the following Acts - a). Indian Treasure Trove Act-1878 b). The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 c). antiquities and Art Treasure Act 1972. 1972 UNESCO ‘Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and Natural Heritage’.

ARC 502

Archaeology of Kerala (4, 0, 0, 4)

Geomorphology of Kerala. Paleolithic period of Kerala. Megalithic monuments of Kerala – It’s typology, origin cultural artifacts and significance. Development of temple Architecture in Kerala. Sculptural Art of Kerala- stone, wood, metals . Painting tradition in Kerala. Important Epigraphs of Kerala – Tarasapalli Copper Plate, Huzur office Plates of Karunandadakkan, Paliyam copper plates of Vikramaditya Varaguna, Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara RaviVarman. Roman and other important coin finds from Kerala. Brief Introduction to Church and Mosque architecture in Kerala.

ARC 503 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Ancient Religions of India

Vedic Religion. Buddhism and Jainism. Origin and development of Vaisnavisim, Saivism and Saktisim. Religious Literature - Canonical texts of Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanical religions.

ARC 504 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Islamic Architectural monuments at Delhi and Agra under the following dynasties

Salve dynasty. Khilji dynasty. Tughlak dynasty. Saiyyid and Lodhis.

Mughul dynasty.

ARC 505 (3, 0, 1, 4)

Science in Archaeology

Archaeology and Geology-Identification of Rocks and minerals. Scope of Paleontology and Archaeozoological studies with special reference to India. Study and Identification of Human Bones. Scope of archaeobotanical studies. Topo-sheet reading and interpretation.

Chemical Conservation of Iron and Copper objects

ARC 506 (0, 0, 1, 1)

Field Archaeology

Attending archaeological field work. Survey of a minimum 10 villages with antiquarian remains and presenting a report on the finds.

ARC 507 (0, 0, 1, 1)

Study tour

To impart practical know-how to students relevant to core courses – ARC- 511, 523 and 524.

Core Courses

ARC.511 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Principles and Method in Archaeology

Unit-1

Archaeology- it’s definition, aim, scope and evolution.

History of Indian archaeology.

Relationship of Archaeology with Social and Natural Sciences.

Retrieval of Archaeological data: technique of exploration and excavations.

Recording.

Aims and methods of conservation and preservation of archaeological remains.

Post excavation analysis and interpretation of data-Scientific, Theoretical, analogical, Experimental and Ethno-archaeological approaches

Preparation of reports

Unit-2

Chronology of dating: Relative: Stratigraphy, typology, seriation, cross-dating, Pleistocene Geochronology, Archaeozoological and Archeobotanical approaches. Chronometric dating: Carbon-14, Potassium- Argon, Fission track, Thermo-luminescence, Dendro-chronology.

Suggested Readings

Agrawal,D.P and M.D.Yadava. 1995. Dating the Human Past. Pune: ISPQS

Chakrabarti,D. K.1988, History of Indian Archaeology. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal

Drewett.L. Peter. 1999. Field Archaeology. London: UCL Press.

Fagan, Brian.1994. In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology. London.

Rajan, K. 2003. Principles and Methods of Archaeology. Thanjavur:Manoo Pathipakkam

Raman, K.V.1998. Principles and Methods of Archaeology. Chenni: Parthajan

ARC-512 (4, 0, 0, 4)

World Prehistory

Unit-1

Geological, biological and cultural dimension of man.

Quaternary period: Pleistocene and Holocene- environmental and climatic changes.

Pleistocene flora and fauna, main stages of human evolution and important fossil records

Evolution of stone- age tools. Typo-technology of tools of Stone Age

Unit -2

Prehistory of Europe - Paleolithic to Neolithic culture and Prehistoric Art

Prehistory of Africa – Paleolithic to Neolithic

Unit-3

Prehistory of China

Unit-4

Prehistory of Myanmar (Burma)

Unit.5

Prehistory of Sri Lanka

Suggested Readings

Devahuti,D.1970. Harsha-A Political History. Oxford: Clarendor Press

Goyal,S.R. 1986. Harsha and Buddhism. Meerut: Kusumanjali Prakashan

Majumdar,R.C. 1966. The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan

----------------- .1971. The Age of Imperial Unity. ,, ,,

----------------- .1972. The Struggle for Empire. ,, ,,

Mahajan,V.D. 2002. Ancient India. Delhi: Chand and Company.

ARC: 521 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Proto-history

Unit-1

Pre and Early Harappan village cultures of North - Western India.

Unit-2

Harappan Culture-Origin, extent, chronology, factors of urbanization, trade, script, religion arts and craft, factors of decline.

Unit-3

Post Harappan cultures in Punjab, Haryana, Rajastan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.

Unit-4

Chalcolithic Cultures - Ahar, Kayatha, Malwa, Savalda, Jorwe.

Unit-5

Copper Hoard and OCP.

Suggested Readings

Asthana, Shasi.1985. Pre-Harappan Cultures and Borderlands. New Delhi: Books and

Books.

Dhavalikar,M.K. 1999. Indian Protohistory Delhi: Books and Books.

Posshel.L.Gregory.1993. Harappan Civilization. Delhi: Oxford & IBH.

Sankalia,H.D. 1974. The Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan. Pune:

DCPRI

Setter,S and Ravi Korisettar. 2002. Indian Archaeology in retrospect Protohistory

Archaeology of South Asia, Vol.II. Delhi: ICHR and Manohar

ARC 522 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Early Iron Age in India

Unit-1

Early occurrence of Iron: Chrono-cultural features

Unit-2

Salient features of Painted Grew Ware culture

Unit-3

Megalithic Cultures of India: Distribution, Typology, excavated sites cultural artifacts.

Unit-4

Salient features of NBPW culture

Unit-5

Excavated early historic sites – Rajghat, Ujjain, Taxila, Mathura, Sravasti, Kausambi, Sishupalgarh, Sringaverpura, Satanikotta, Chandraketugarh, Nasik, Arikamedu, and Nagarjunakonda and Sannathi.

Suggested Readings

Agrawal, D.P and D.K Chakrabarty. 1979. Essays in Indian Protohistory. Delhi: D.K

Publishers

Dhavalikar,M.K. 1999. Historical Archaeology of India. Delhi: Books and Books

Narasimhaiah, B. 1980. Neolithic and Megalithic cultures in Tamilnadu. Delhi: Sundeep

Prakashan.

Rao, K.P.1988. Deccan Megaliths. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan

ARC-523 (4, 0, 0, 4)

Early Indian Art

Unit-1

Mauryan Art - Pillars, Caves, Stupas, Stone sculptures, Terracotta

Unit-2

Important art centers of Post Mauryan Period- Barhut, Sanchi, Bodhgaya, Early Mathura, Udaigiri -Khandagiri, Western Indian Hinayana Buddhist caves, Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.

Unit-3

Kushan Art - Mathura - Gandhara

Unit-4

The Classical Gupta Art, and Vakataka art

Unit-5

Art Schools of Deccan and South India - Chalukya, Rahstrakuta, Pallava, Chola, Hoysala

Unit-6

Art under Gurjara-Prathiara, Chandelas, Pala-Sena, Eastern Ganga dynasties.

Suggested Readings

Agrawal,V.S. 1965. Master pieces of Mathura Sculpture. Varanasi: Prithvi Prakshan