Study Guide- Head, Neck, Spine & Torso
(The rest of the body…)
Don’t forget to Review ALL your Terminology!
HEAD & SKULL
* Scalp, Skull and Brain:
Scalp: ______
______
Skull: ______
*Comprised of 28 bones
8 Cranial Bones: Occipital (1), Parietal (2), Frontal (1), Temporal (2), Ethmoid (1), Sphenoid (1)
14 Facial Bones: Nasal (2), Vomer (1), Lacrimal (2), Zygomatic (2), Palatine (2), Maxilla (2), Mandible (1), Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
Head & Neck Muscles:
Temporalis: ______
Frontalis: ______
Masseter: ______
Zygomaticus: ______
Trapezuis: ______
Sternocleidomastoid: ______
Brain:
Weighs about 3 Lbs
Requires about 20 % of the total body oxygen and 15% of the blood supply
After 4-6 minutes without oxygen, biological brain death occurs
Divided into lobes, each lobe is responsible for specific body functions:
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Cerebellum
Preserving brain function is of utmost importance to an injured athlete
Cerebrospinal fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord in chemicals for proper functioning, helps maintain regular pressure around the brain, and spinal cord, and also protects the brain from impacts.
*Clear fluid coming from the ears or nose can indicate a skull fracture. (This clear fluid is cerebrospinal fluid)
* Head injuries are prevented by helmets, mouth guards, rules, and common sense
* Potentially life-threatening head injuries include skull fractures, concussions, and intracranial hematomas
Types of skull fractures:
Depressed – pushes a portion of the skull inside toward the brain
Linear - goes across the skull
Compound – a portion of the skull sticking through the scalp
Penetrating – an object has gone through the scalp, skull, and very likely the brain
A skull fracture will discolor the area behind the ear – this is called Battle Sign
Contre-coup Injury – occurs when the head is moving and receives a blow. Upon impact, the brain “sloshes” to the side opposite the blow, whereit is stopped by the skull and that is where the injury to the brain occurs.
Concussion – is the temporary impairment of brain function caused by impact.
Mild or first-degree Concussion – athlete does not lose consciousness, may have trouble remembering things
Moderate or second-degree Concussion – the athlete may be unconscious for up to 5 minutes. May also be dizzy, confused, and show loss of coordination
Severe or third-degree Concussion- the athlete will be unconscious longer than 5 minutes. The eyes may flutter and the pupils may be unequal in size. The pupil on the side of the head injury will be enlarged, the blood pressure will be increased, the pulse will be decreased, and the athlete may show signs of shock
* Tinnitus – ringing in the ears
* Amnesia – difficulty remembering things
Concussion Notes: ______
______
______
Indications of a Head injury may include: ______
______
Return to Play Guidelines: ______
______
Post Concussion Syndrome: ______
______
Second Impact Syndrome: ______
______
Intracranial Hematoma- Severe bleeding within the brain caused by a blow to the head, particularly over the temporal or parietal regions
Symptoms: ______
______
Signs: ______
______
Facial Injuries
18 bones in the face
3 major bones include: 1.______
2.______
3.______
Ear
3 areas include: 1.______
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
2.______
3.______
Hematoma Auris: ______
Otitis Exterma: ______
Eye
•Sclera- white outer covering of the eye
•Cornea – center clear portion of the covering of the eye. Protects other important structures from injury. Covers the iris and pupil and admits light.
•Iris – the colored portion of the eye
•Pupil – the opening in the iris. Controls the amount of light that enters the eye
•Retina – lines the back of the eye and contains rods and cones
•Optic Nerve – sends image to the brain
Why should both eyes be covered when only one eye is injured? ______
______
Detached Retina: ______
Subconjunctival hemorrhage: ______
Hyphema: ______
Blowout Fracture: ______
Nose
The nose is comprised on the nasal bone and cartilage (septum)
Epsitaxis: ______
Mouth
The mouth is composed of:
Mandible (lower jaw) ______
Maxillae (upper jaw), ______
Tempromandibular joint (TMJ), ______
Tongue, ______
Palate (roof of the mouth) ______
Teeth ______
Crown ______
Enamel ______
Root ______
Pulp ______
Dentin ______
*Mandible (lower jaw) is the only movable bone in the skull
Mastication: ______
Muscles of Mastication: ______
______
SPINE:
Spinal Column
5 Sections
33 bones
Disc Separate first 24 Vertebrae (ability to flex)
Protects your Spinal Cord
Cervical(Neck) – 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
C1: ______C2: ______
Thoracic(Thorax) – 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar (Low Back) – 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacrum(Triangle “Sacred Area”) – 5 fused bones
Coccyx (tailbone) - 3-5/ 2-4 fused bones
Normal alignment of the Spine is referred to as: ______
Vertebrae
Components: body, transverse processspinous process
Function:
- protect the spinal cord
- hold the body up right
- site for muscular attachment
Intervertebral Disc: ______
______
2 Parts: Annulus Fibrosus: ______
Nucleus Pulposus: ______
Normal Disc:
Degenerated Disc:
Bulging Disc:
Herniated Disc:
Thinning Disc:
Muscles
The abdominal muscles- support trunk movement and keep the body upright
Rectus abdominis: ______
Internal & external obliques (on the anterior side): ______
The spinal extensors (on the posterior side): ______
The Neck Muscles-
Scalenes: ______
Sternocleidomastoid: ______
Trapezius Muscle: ______
Throat
•Esophagus
•Trachea
•Larynx
•Carotid Artery
•Jugular Vein
•Thyroid Gland
Tonsils-oval tissue mass in mouth: either of two small oval masses of tissue, one on either side of the back of the mouth, that are important for the body's immune system
Uvula- flap in throat: a small fleshy "V"-shaped extension of the soft palate that hangs above the tongue at the entrance to the throat
Spinal Muscles: ______
______
Posture:
- Kyphosis- excessive roundness of the cervical spine
- Lordosis – excessive forward curve of the lumbar spine
- Scoliosis – excessive side to side curvature of a spine
Cervical Nerve Stretch Syndrome- cervical nerve pinch of the brachial plexus or cervical radiculitis, "hot spots”, "pinched nerve”, or "burner“.
Brachial Plexus: network of nerves that exit the cervical spine and run a course throughthe shoulder and down the arm (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)
Burner / Stinger: stretching of the brachial plexus resulting in burning, tingling, numbness and stinging sensations of the arm and shoulder
Acute Torticollis (wryneck): ______
Cervical sprain (whiplash): ______
Scheuermann's disease (osteochondrosis of the spine): ______
Spondylolysis: ______
Spondylolisthesis: ______
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
*Abdominal cavity in divided into 4 quadrantsor 9 quadrants
Upper RightUpper Left
LiverStomach
Portion of the pancreasPortion of the liver
Rt. KidneyPortion of the pancreas
Gall bladderLeft kidney
Large & small intestineSpleen
Large & small intestine
Lower RightLower Left
Large & small intestineLarge & small intestine
AppendixPortion of the bladder
Portion of the bladderSex organs
Sex organs
Right HypochondriacEpigastricLeft Hypochondriac
LiverStomachSpleen
GallbladderPancreas
Part of Duodenum
Right LumbarUmbilicusLeft Lumbar
Ascending colonSmall intestineDescending colon
Transverse colon
Right IliacHypogastricLeft Iliac
Cecumurinary bladderinferior part of descending colon
Rectum
Initial part of sigmoid colon
Spleen
Splenomegaly
Mononucleosis
*Kehr’s Sign – abdominal pain and pain in the left shoulder. Indicates a ______
Appendicitis
McBurney’s Point
Pancrease Injury
Kidney Injury
Hernia
Strangulation
Liver Injury
Bladder Injury
Solar Plexus Injury
Side stitch
Thorax:
3 Parts of the Sternum ______
Heart
Divided into four chambers:
Lungs
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Pneumothorax:
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax
Flail chest
Hemothorax
Sucking Chest Wound
Hyperventilation
OTHER NOTES:
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