sulfonamides / metabolic pathway to nucleic acid syn. / Broad / bactrim (with trimethoprim)
septra / synthetic
allergies
quinolones
(fluoroquinolones) / nucleic acid syn. / Broad / norfloxicin
ciprofloxicin
nalidixic acid / inhibit cartilage dev.?
Synthetic
very popular
penicillins / cell wall syn. / Pen.- G+
others- all bacteria / same, ampicillin,
methacillin,
amoxicillin / resistance, allergies
(beta-lactam structure)
cephalosporins / cell wall syn. / Narrow and broad
(4 generations with various spectra) / keflex
duricef
cephalothin / fewer allergies
most-used worldwide
(beta-lactam structure)
carbapenems / cell wall syn. / Broad / imipenem / Allergies
(beta-lactam structure)
popular
aminoglycosides / protein synth. / Mostly G- / streptomycin
gentamicin
neomycin(in triple antibiotic cream) / hearing damage
kidney damage
treat CF patients
injected/surface
tetracyclines / protein synth. / Broad
(bacteriostatic) / doxycycline / deposits in bone causing discoloration
macrolides / protein synth. / Mostly G+ ------
Broad ------
(bacteriostatic) / erythromycin
clarithromycin
azithromycin / allergies
penicillin sub.
GI disruption
vancomycin / cell wall syn. / G+ cocci / vancomycin / high toxicity
(hearing and kidneys)
chloramphenicol / protein synth. / Broad / chloramphenicol / high toxicity
anemia
isoniazid / cell wall syn.
(mycolic acid) / Mycobacterium / isoniazid / liver damage
ethambutol / cell wall syn. / Mycobacterium / ethambutol / high toxicity
(vison)
rifamycin / nucleic acid syn. / Mycobacterium / rifampin / orange body fluids
liver damage
bacitracin / cell wall syn. / G+ / bacitracin / (in triple antibiotic cream)
kidney damage
(peptide)
polymyxin / cell membrane / G- / Polymyxin B / (in triple antibiotic cream)
kidney damage
(peptide)
polyenes / cell membrane disruption (bind ergosterol) / Anti-fungal / amphotericin B
nystatin / kidney toxicity,
vaginal and systemic yeast infections
Azoles / inh. ergosterol production
(cell membrane disruption) / superficial fungi of epithelia / ketoconazole
intraconazole
miconazole
fluconazole / athlete’s foot and vaginal treatment,
mild liver damage
echinocandins / Cell wall syn. / Certain fungi / caspofungin
flucytosine / Nucleic acid syn. / A few cutaneous and systemic fungi / same / Only toxic after fungal cell converts to toxic form
nucleotide analogs / nucleic acid syn. / Anti-viral / AZT
acyclovir / herpes and HIV treatment
neuraminidase inhibitors / block viral release from host cell / anti-influenza / TamifluTM
RelenzaTM / stops influenza spread to new host cells
enzyme inhibitors / block vital uncoating or assembly enzymes / anti-viral / saquinavir / often in combination with nucleotide analogs for HIV
interferons / stimulates anti-viral protein production in cells / anti-viral / same / natural peptide product of leukocytes and fibroblasts; good against some Hepatitis viruses
Prepared by Dr. Jason Baker, Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University