HONORS BIOLOGY Chapter 1 Test ReviewName ______

These are topics and vocabulary terms covered in this chapter which may appear on the chapter test.

Also see pp. 13-14in text for more review.

Characteristics of Life

  1. Cells - unit of life
  • Prokaryote/eukaryote: how differ, shared traits, what has each type
  • eukaryotic -compartments(organelles), can specialize, form multicellular
  1. DNA – shared genetic code
  • Instructions for cell; copied and passed on
  • 4-letter code ATCG, same for all organisms
  1. Cell energy – stored in food; need energy for all life functions
  • Autotrophs – photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
  • Heterotrophs

Interconnections in Nature

  • Nutrient substances cycle between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic)
  • Oxygen, CO2, water, nitrogen and other compounds
  • Producers – base for food chains
  • Decomposers (saprobes) return chemicals to environment
  • Energy flows one-way: light  chemical energy  cellular work heat
  1. Grow (increase in size) and Develop (change while maturing)
  • Stem cells – undifferentiated
  1. Levels of Organization
  • Organism; organ system – organ – tissue – cell - molecule - atom
  • Biosphere: ecosystem - community – population - organism
  1. Reproduce – sexual or asexual, continue species
  2. Respond to stimuli in environment – maintain homeostasis
  3. Evolve – species (NOT individuals) change slowly over time
  • Nature selects those best suited to environment
  • Those that survive, reproduce, pass on helpful traits

Evolution explains unity and diversity

  • Unity: common ancestor – similar features, structure, same molecules, same life processes, life traits
  • Diversity – different adaptations for different environments
  • Structure and Function- features have evolved to do a function best

Diversity of Life: 6 Kingdoms, 3 Domains

  • Bacteria and Archaea – both prokaryotes, differ chemically
  • Eukarya– all eukaryotic organisms

- 4 kingdoms:Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Life Processes - maintain life

  • Metabolism: all chemical reactions of life, use energy, maintain homeostasis
  • Catabolic - break down;anabolic– build up
  • Synthesis – make any needed molecule from smaller compounds

1. Nutrition:make or get food (auto/heterotrophs), process food for cell use

  • Digestive system - stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
  1. Transport – move materials in cells and organisms
  2. Circulatory system - heart, blood, arteries and veins
  3. Respiration:in all cells - get energy from food, aerobic/anaerobic
  4. Excretion: remove chemical wastes, from cells and organism
  5. Excretory system: kidneys, bladder, liver, lungs, skin
  6. Reproduction: make new cells or organism
  7. Asexual – one parent, genetically identical offspring
  8. Sexual – two parents, offspring are genetic mix of both
  9. Species - organisms look similar, can produce fertile offspring
  10. Growth (more cells), development (mature as organism gets older)
  11. Differentiation – cells specialize to perform different functions
  12. Stem cells: unspecialized cells, form different kinds of tissues
  13. Regulation: control kinds and rates of chemical reactions
  14. Respond to external and internal stimuli
  15. Two systems in humans: nervous – brain, nerves; rapid response
  16. Endocrine – glands make hormones (chemical messengers)
  17. Affect only specific target organs
  18. Slower response but lasts longer

Science Inquiry, Experimental Design

  • Discovery/observation, and experimentation- tries to explain nature
  • Controlled studies: two identical groups or set-ups, except for one thing
  • Control set-up: has original set of variables
  • Test or Experimental set-up: has one variable different from control
  • Independent variable – manipulated, the one you change
  • dependent variable – responds, depends on the one you changed
  • Hypothesis– possible solution to a problem, can be tested
  • Theory – accepted explanation for a natural occurrence, supported by data