The Consequences of War and Depression

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. Conflict in Europe
  1. Obvious divisioncompeting states, a long standing-feature of ______
  2. Rivalries further sharpened as both Italy and Germany achieved unification
  3. Since defeat of Napoleon in 1815, a fragile and fluctuating ______of power had maintained the peace
  4. By early 20th century, two ______alliancesTriple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy and Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain
  5. Alliances transformed a minor incident in the Balkans into a conflagration that ______all of Europe
  6. June 28,1914Serbian ______assassinated heir to Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  7. To rulers of Austria, nationalism of Serbian Slavs was a mortal threat to cohesion of their fragile multinational empire
  8. Behind Austriaits powerful ally, Germany; behind Serbia lay ______
  9. A system of alliances intended to keep the peace created obligations that drew Great Powers of Europe into a general war by early August 1914
  10. Causes of WWI nationalism, imperialism, ______, alliances (MAIN)
  11. Submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire
  12. Italy had joined France and Britain and Russia, now known as Allied Powers  but Russia dropped out in 1917 after ______Revolution
  13. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottomans  now Central Powers
  14. U.S.A., after seeking to avoid involvement, joined war in 1917 when German submarines threatened ______shipping
  15. Some 2 million Americans helped turn tide in favor of British and French
  16. Ground relentlessly on for more than four years before ending in a German defeat in ______1918
  17. “Trench Warfare” stalemate on ______Frontrats, lice, disease, this “total war,” required mobilization of each country’s entire population
  18. In factories, women replaced the ______who had left for the battlefront
  19. Led to widespread disillusionmentwar seemed to mock ______
  20. Collapse of German, Russian, and Austrian empiresnew map of Central Europe with independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and others
  21. “National self-determination,” championed by U.S. President ______
  22. In Russia, strains of war triggered a vast revolutionary upheaval that brought radical Bolsheviks to power in 1917
  23. Treaty of Versailles, concluded the war in 1919, proved to have established conditions that generated a ______world war only twenty years later
  24. “War Guilt” ClauseGermany blamedlost colonies, pay reparations

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. Consequences
  1. During war, Ottoman authorities suspected some of Armenian population collaborating with Russian enemy, massacred or ______1 million
  2. War also brought a final end to a declining ______Empire, creating the modern map of the Middle East
  3. Arabs emerged from Turkish rule, but for a time fell under control of British or French, who were acting on behalf of ______of Nations
  4. First World War brought U.S.A. to center stage as a global power
  5. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen PointsIdea for League of Nations, international peacekeeping“______security”but U.S. did not join
  6. Women increasingly gained the right to ______
  1. Depression
  1. American stock market initially crashed on October 24, 1929
  2. Banks closed and many people lost life’s savingshigh ______
  3. Germany and Austria had to make huge reparation payments and were able to do so only with extensive U.S. loans
  4. Britain and France, which were much indebted to U.S., depended on those reparations to repay their ______
  5. Much as Europe’s worldwide empires had globalized the war, so too its economic linkages globalized the Great ______
  6. U.S.A.’sresponse to Great Depression came in form of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New ______(1933-1942)
  7. Reflected the thinking of the British economist, John Maynard ______
  8. Keynes argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate severe economic contractions
  1. Rise of Fascism
  1. Between 1919 and 1945, a new political ______
  2. Intensely nationalistic and condemned individualism, and was anti-liberal, anti-feminist, antidemocratic, anti-communist
  3. Spain, fascist movement led to a bitter civil war (1936-1939rise of Franco
  4. The fascist alternative took shape first in Italysome believed that Italy had not gained territory it deserved from Treaty of ______
  5. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)and Black Shirtsswept to power in 1922Fearful of communism, big business threw its support to Mussolini
  6. Symbol was the fasces, bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe, represented power and strength in unity and derived from ancient Rome
  7. Nazi Party under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)By 1933, the Nazis had achieved national ______
  8. As W.W.I ended, German imperial state collapsed and a new government known as the ______Republic was left to negotiate the peace settlement
  9. Weimar Republic blamed for terms of Treaty of Versailles and Depression
  10. National Socialist, or Nazi, Party  intense German ______, bitter hatred for Jews, opposition to communism, against Treaty of Versailles
  11. If World War I and Great Depression brought about political and economic collapse of Europe, Nazis represented a moral collapse within the ______

Summaries:

Questions:

  • What aspects of Europe's nineteenth-century history contributed to W.W.I?
  • In what ways did W.W.I mark new departures in the history of twentieth century?
  • In what ways was the Great Depression a global phenomenon?
  • In what ways did fascism challenge the ideas and practices of European liberalism and democracy?
  • What was distinctive about the German expression of fascism?

1. Which of the following answer choices best explains why women won the right to vote in many Western societies after World War I?
(A) Female combat veterans returned home demanding political equality.
(B) Female nurses who cared for injured troops in the trenches won broad-based sympathy.
(C) Crucial contributions in wartime factory production lent legitimacy to ongoing calls for political and social equality.
(D) Feminist movements got their start during the First World War.
(E) Immediate granting of the right to vote to women in Soviet Russia was an embarrassment on the world stage for male-dominated liberal democracies where the movement for women's suffrage was decades old.
2.Which belligerent power of the First World War carried out an early exit from the hostilities and negotiated a separate peace treaty?
(A) France
(B) The United States
(C) Russia
(D) Austria-Hungary
(E) Germany
3.Which of the following had NOT experienced fascist aggression or takeover prior to World War II?
(A) Ethiopia
(B) Czechoslovakia
(C) Great Britain
(D) Spain
(E) China / 4.The growing integration of all peoples of the planet into a single economic and political model and accelerating sharing of cultural symbols is termed
(A) Egalitarianism
(B) Simulacra
(C) Postmodernism
(D) Globalization
(E) Universalism
5.As evidence of renewed power and glory of Italy, Mussolini
A) Disregarded the League of Nations.
B) Annexed Libya.
C) Invaded Ethiopia.
D) Supported militarists in the Spanish Civil War.
E) All of the above.
6.Specific steps taken by Hitler after 1933 that violated the Treaty of Versailles included all of the following except
A) Remilitarization of Germany in spite of limits imposed by the peace settlement.
B) Retaking the Rhineland, held by France since the war.
C) Withdrawing Germany from the League of Nations.
D) Signing a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union.
E) Annexing Austria and Sudetenland in spite of the principle of self-determination.

Excerpt fromelsa.berkeley.edu

The fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States was a decline inspending (sometimes referred to as aggregate demand), which led to a decline inproduction asmanufacturers and merchandisers noticed an unintended rise in inventories. The sources of thecontraction in spending in the United States varied over the course of the Depression, but theycumulated into a monumental decline in aggregate demand. The American decline wastransmitted to the rest of the world largely through the gold standard. However, a variety of otherfactors also influenced the downturn in various countries.

The initial decline in output in the United States in the summer of 1929 is widelybelieved to have stemmed from tight U.S. monetary policy aimed at limiting stock marketspeculation. The 1920s had been a prosperous decade, but not an exceptional boom period;wholesale goods prices had remained nearly constant throughout the decade and there had beenmild recessions in both 1924 and 1927. The one obvious area of excess was the stock market.

Stock prices had risen more than fourfold from the low in 1921 to the peak reached in 1929. In1928 and 1929, the Federal Reserve had raised interest rates in hopes of slowing the rapid rise instock prices. These higher interest rates depressed interest-sensitive spending in areas such asconstruction and automobile purchases, which in turn reduced production. Some scholars believethat a boom in housing construction in the mid-1920s led to an excess supply of housing and aparticularly large drop in construction in 1928 and 1929. By the fall of 1929, U.S. stock prices had reached levels that could not be justified byreasonable anticipations of future earnings. As a result, when a variety of minor events led togradual price declines in October 1929, investors lost confidence and the stock market bubbleburst. Panic selling began on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. Many stocks had beenpurchased on margin that is, using loans secured by only a small fraction of the stocks’ value. As a result, the price declines forced some investors to liquidate their holdings, thus exacerbatingthe fall in prices. Between their peak in September and their low in November, U.S. stock prices(measured using the Cowles Index) declined 33 percent. Because the decline was so dramatic,this event is often referred to as the Great Crash of 1929.

The stock market crash reduced American aggregate demand substantially. Consumerpurchases of durable goods and business investment fell sharply after the crash. A likelyexplanation is that the financial crisis generated considerable uncertainty about future income,which in turn led consumers and firms to put off purchases of durable goods. Although the lossof wealth caused by the decline in stock prices was relatively small, the crash may also havedepressed spending by making people feel poorer. As a result of the drastic decline in consumerand firm spending, real output in the United States, which had been declining slowly up to thispoint, fell rapidly in late 1929 and throughout 1930. Thus, while the Great Crash of the stockmarket and the Great Depression are two quite separate events, the decline in stock prices wasone factor causing the decline in production and employment in the United States.

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:Western Europe: 1815 - 1945 C.E. ______