1. Skin surface in man 175 cm high and 75 kg heavy is about:
a. 4,0 m2
b. 3,5 m2
c. 2,6 m2
d. 1,7 m2
e. 0,9 m2
2. Developmental transition of cells from the basal layer to the horny layer in normal skin depends on their:
a. proliferation ability
b. differentiation
c. survival
d. none of the options is correct
e. regeneration
3. Desmosomes are:
a. fibres which determine the strength of collagen fibers
b. fibres that make a body of smooth muscle
c. major part of elastic fibres representing their elasticity
d. bordered thickenings of cell membrane, tonofilaments are clamped inside the keratinocytes
e. connections between cells of stratum basale and basement membrane
4. In which part of the skin is produced melanin?
a. in keratinocytes of stratum basale
b. in melanofores of derma
c. in melanocytes
d. in keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
e. in histiocytes
5. Which order does correspond to the actual arrangement of layers in the epidermis?
a. str. basale – str. spinosum – str. lucidum – str. granulosum – str. corneum
b. str. basale – str. spinosum – str. granulosum – str. lucidum – str. corneum
c. str. basale – str. granulosum – str. spinosum – str. lucidum – str. corneum
d. str. basale – str. lucidum – str. granulosum – str. spinosum – str. corneum
e. str. basale – str. lucidum – str. spinosum – str. granulosum – str. corneum
6. How many rows of cells with nuclei are normally in the stratum corneum?
a. 10 – 12
b. 7 – 9
c. 4 – 6
d. 1 – 3
e. 0
7. In which layer of the epidermis are located keratohyalin grains?
a. stratum basale
b. stratum spinosum
c. stratum granulosum
d. stratum lucidum
e. stratum corneum
8. Dermis contains:
a. elastic fibers
b. collagen fibres
c. argyrofill fibres
d. grape-shaped fet cells
e. amorphous ground substance
9. Physiological daily hair growth is approximately:
a. 0,1 mm
b. 0,35 mm
c. 1,0 mm
d. none of the options are correct
e. 0,01 mm
10. What do the terms anagen, telogen and katagen mean?
a. they characterize the position of hair papilla in the epidermis
b. stages of hair cycle
c. they characterize normal, increased and decreased hair density in different seasons
d. types of hair located only in the scalp
e. types of hair located only on the body
11. Choose the correct order of growing stages of the hair:
a. telogen – catagen – anagen
b. anagen – catagen – telogen
c. catagen – telogen – anagen
d. catagen – anagen – telogen
e. anagen – telogen – catagen
12. Anagen stage is:
a. abnormal stage
b. stage, where is majority of hair of the scalp
c. transition stage
d. the shortest of all stages
e. stage, in which hair normally falls
13. Catagen stage is:
a. abnormal stage
b. stage, where is majority of hair of the scalp
c. transition stage
d. the shortest of all stages
e. stage, in which hair normally falls
14. Telogen stage is:
a. abnormal stage
b. stage, where is majority of hair of the scalp
c. transition stage
d. the shortest of all stages
e. stage, in which hair normally falls
15. The normal trichogram ratio of anagen, telogen and catagen hair is:
a. 45 : 1 : 54
b. 14 : 6 : 80
c. 70 : 4 : 26
d. 85 : 1 : 14
e. 18 : 2 : 80
16. How much hairs do fall out daily in the normal hair cycle?
a. 20 – 30
b. 40 – 50
c. 60 – 70
d. 70 – 100
e. more than 150
17. What is lunula?
a. the area less supplied by arteries
b. the area with poorly thickened nail plate
c. the area with thickened nail plate
d. the visible part of the matrix
e. the accumulation of air bubbles between the poorly keratinised cells of the nail plate
18. Sebaceous glands are normally found on:
a. soles
b. backs of the hands
c. face
d. abdomen
e. palms
19. Which areas of the skin are abundantly supplied with sebaceous glands?
a. face
b. palms
c. sternum area
d. hair on the scalp
e. feet
20. Apocrine sweat glands are on:
a. neck
b. armpits
c. forehead
d. palms
e. perigenital area
21. Which of the following statements is correct for eccrine sweat glands?
a. they are spread over the whole body surface
b. they have no role in thermal regulation
c. they can cause acne vulgaris in pathological conditions
d. they are no active during childhood
e. none of the options are correct
22. What does drain into the hair follicle?
a. eccrine sweat gland
b. apocrine sweat gland
c. sebaceous gland
d. lymphatic vessels of the skin
e. none of the statements are correct
23. Sebaceous glands are:
a. in the epidermis
b. in the dermis
c. in the hypodermis
d. in stratum corneum
e. in all layers of the skin
24. What can protect the skin against bacterial infection?
a. secretion of the apocrine glands
b. secretion of the eccrine glands
c. lipids of sebaceous glands
d. separating of the cells in stratum disjunctum
e. increasing of skin melanin
25. Skin color depends on:
a. the skin pigment (melanin)
b. the thickness of epidermis
c. the amount of beta- carotene
d. sweating of the skin
e. vascularisation
26. pH of the healthy skin is:
a. 1,5
b. 3,5
c. 5,5
d. 7,5
e. 9,5
27. What does participate in the thermoregulation?
a. keratinocytes of stratum corneum
b. sweat glands
c. melanocytes
d. sebaceous glands
e. hypodermis
28. Choose important skin functions:
a. thermoregulation
b. mechanical barrier
c. storage of vitamins
d. sensory organ
e. significant depot of water and energy
29. What is hyperkeratosis?
a. thickening of stratum basale
b. overgrowth of cells with keratohyaline grains
c. thickening of stratum corneum
d. thickening of the whole epidermis
e. relative thickening of the epidermis over the thin corium
30. What is parakeratosis?
a. hyperkeratosis with absence of the stratum granulosum
b. abnormal and incomplete keratinisation, corneocytes in cornified layer contain nuclear material, the stratum granulosum is largely absent
c. disorder of keratinisation where coherence of cells of horny layer is disturbed
d. thickening of stratum spinosum
e. none of the statements is correct
31. What is spongiosis?
a. intercellular oedema developing after widening of intercellular spaces in the stratum spinosum
b. overgrowth of inflammatory infiltrate in intercellular spaces in the stratum spinosum
c. thickening of the stratum corneum
d. thickening of the stratum spinosum
e. linear gaps among cells in the stratum spinosum
32. What is acanthosis?
a. the papillary body is elongated and widened
b. thickening of the spinous cell layer of the epidermis
c. widening of the intercellular spaces due to oedema in the stratum spinosum
d. loss of desmosomal contacts in in the stratum spinosum
e. thickening of the whole epidermis
33. What is dyskeratosis?
a. the premature imperfect keratinisation of individual keratinocytes between still nonkeratinized epidermal cell structure
b. linear gaps among cells in the stratum spinosum
c. delayed process of keratinisation in the epidermis
d. uniform thickening of all layers of epidermis
e. none of the statements is correct
34. What is macula?
a. circumscribed oedema in the skin
b. circumscribed elevation of the skin
c. circumscribed alteration in the color of the skin
d. circumscribed overgrowth of the number of hair on the small surface
e. dilatation of the hair follicle
35. Which instrument is used to differ haematoma from erythema in the skin?
a. needle
b. lancet
c. glass spatula
d. wooden spatula
e. nothing mentioned
36. What is purpura?
a. permanently dilated tiny vessels in the skin
b. bleeding into the skin
c. pigmentation on basis of overgrowth of melanin
d. pigmentation from foreign substances
e. circumscribed stenosis of vessels in the skin
37. What is papula?
a. blister
b. depression in the skin
c. circumscribed oedema in the dermis
d. circumscribed palpable elevation of the skin
e. none of statements is correct
38. Papula develops by:
a. tiny bleeding
b. pigment deposition
c. overgrowing or infiltration of cell elements
d. necrosis
e. blood perfusion
39. Mark the correct statements relating to urtica:
a. circumscribed oedema of the dermis
b. flat cellular circumscribed infiltrate
c. skin elevation that develops quickly and lasts for less than 24 hours
d. it develops in any layer of the skin
e. in subcutaneous tisssues angioedema can develop
40. What is vesicle?
a. skin cavity lined with epithelium – endothelium or membraneous lining, containing fluid, pus or keratin
b. circumscribed spreading of the blood vessel
c. circumscribed fluid – filled lesions
d. circumscribed oedema in the dermis
e. spreading of lymphatic vessels
41. What is pustula?
a. cavity in epidermis filled with haemorrhagic fluid
b. vesicle with clear content
c. vesicle with disturbed covering
d. cyst filled with pus
e. blister filled with pus
42. Macula is:
a. circumscribed coloring of various shape and size in the level of the skin
b. circumscribed cellular infiltrate or overgrowth of tissue of the skin up to 1 cm
c. extensive inflammatory infiltrate that afflicts deeper parts of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
d. circumscribed oedema of the dermis
e. blister filled with pus
43. Papula is:
a. circumscribed coloring of various shape and size in the level of the skin
b. circumscribed cellular infiltrate or overgrowth of tissue of the skin up to 1 cm
c. extensive inflammatory infiltrate that afflicts deeper parts of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
d. circumscribed oedema of the dermis
e. blister filled with pus
44. Red macula is:
a. circumscribed overgrowth of melanin in the region of basal cells
b. thickening of the dermis on basis of infiltrate or proliferation of cells, oedema and hyperaemia
c. solid circumscribed elevation conditioned by locally limited oedema. White to pink color of lesion corresponds to filling of capillaries
d. local redness conditioned by limited hyperaemia in pars papillaris and pars reticularis
e. none of mentioned
45. Dermal papula is:
a. circumscribed overgrowth of melanin in the region of basal cells
b. thickening of the dermis on basis of infiltrate or proliferation of cells, oedema and hyperaemia
c. solid circumscribed elevation conditioned by locally limited oedema. White to pink color of lesion corresponds to filling of capillaries
d. local redness conditioned by limited hyperaemia in pars papillaris and pars reticularis
e. none of mentioned
46. Urtica is:
a. circumscribed overgrowth of melanin in the region of basal cells
b. thickening of the dermis on basis of infiltrate or proliferation of cells, oedema and hyperaemia
c. solid circumscribed elevation conditioned by locally limited oedema. White to pink color of lesion corresponds to filling of capillaries
d. local redness conditioned by limited hyperaemia in pars papillaris and pars reticularis
e. none of mentioned
47. Brown macula is:
a. circumscribed overgrowth of melanin in the region of basal cells
b. thickening of the dermis on basis of infiltrate or proliferation of cells, oedema and hyperaemia
c. solid circumscribed elevation conditioned by locally limited oedema. White to pink color of lesion corresponds to filling of capillaries
d. local redness conditioned by limited hyperaemia in pars papillaris and pars reticularis
e. none of mentioned
48. White macula is:
a. thickening of epidermis by acanthosis, spongiosis (= intercellular oedema )
b. focal depigmentation of the skin
c. large nodal tissue leading or embedded into hypodermis caused by inflammation or proliferation
d. circumscribed infiltrate on the borderline of dermis and hypodermis
e. thickening of epidermis and dermis by hypertrophy or hyperplasia of all layers of epidermis, oedema and hyperaemia in the dermis
49. Mixed papula is:
a. thickening of epidermis by acanthosis, spongiosis (= intercellular oedema )
b. focal depigmentation of the skin
c. large nodal tissue leading or embedded into hypodermis caused by inflammation or proliferation
d. circumscribed infiltrate on the borderline of dermis and hypodermis
e. thickening of epidermis and dermis by hypertrophy or hyperplasia of all layers of epidermis, oedema and hyperaemia in the dermis
50. Epidermal papula is:
a. thickening of epidermis by acanthosis, spongiosis (= intercellular oedema )
b. focal depigmentation of the skin
c. large nodal tissue leading or embedded into hypodermis caused by inflammation or proliferation
d. circumscribed infiltrate on the borderline of dermis and hypodermis
e. thickening of epidermis and dermis by hypertrophy or hyperplasia of all layers of epidermis, oedema and hyperaemia in the dermis
51. Tuber is:
a. thickening of epidermis by acanthosis, spongiosis (= intercellular oedema )
b. focal depigmentation of the skin
c. large nodal tissue into hypodermis leading or embedded caused by inflammation or proliferation
d. circumscribed infiltrate on the borderline of dermis and hypodermis
e. thickening of epidermis and dermis by hypertrophy or hyperplasia of all layers of epidermis, oedema and hyperaemia in the dermis
52. Scale develops:
a. as a consequence of tiny bleeding
b. as a consequence of disturbing intercellular bridges in the stratum spinosum
c. as a consequence of disturbing coherence of cells in diseased process
d. as a consequence of pyogenic process in epidermis
e. as a consequence of excessive formation of pigment caused by ultraviolet rays
53. Crust develops:
a. from necrosis
b. from dried epidermis
c. from cellular elements over pathological lesion
d. from dried excretion over some pathological processes
e. from sediments of external origin
54. What is erosion?
a. superficial loss of epidermis
b. loss of epidermis and upper region of papillary part of dermis
c. circumscribed loss of stratum disjunctum
d. saturation of epidermis by blood discharge
e. microfocal bleeding into mucous membranes
55. What is excoriation?
a. circumscribed loss of upper parts of epidermis leading up to stratum spinosum
b. loss of epidermis and upper region of papillary part of dermis
c. circumscribed loss of stratum corneum
d. saturation of epidermis by blood discharge
e. microfocal bleeding into mucous membranes
56. Which lesion does protrude above the skin?
a. papula
b. erosion
c. urtica
d. excoriation
e. macula
57. Which lesion does protrude above the skin?
a. nodule
b. vesicle
c. fissure
d. pustule
e. ulcer
58. Which lesion does belong to secondary lesions?
a. scale
b. erosion
c. scar
d. vesicle
e. ulcer
59. Erosion is:
a. loss of substance of the skin leading up to the dermis
b. loss of substance of the epidermis leading up to the stratum spinosum
c. loss of substance of the epidermis and upper part of the dermis
d. lesion developing after disturbing of the cover of vesicles
e. split without loss of skin substance
60. Fissure is:
a. loss of substance of the skin leading up the dermis
b. loss of substance of the epidermis leading up to the stratum spinosum
c. loss of substance of the epidermis and upper part of the dermis
d. lesion developing after disturbing the cover of vesicles
e. split without loss of skin substance
61. Ulcer is:
a. loss of substance of the skin leading up to the dermis
b. loss of substance of the epidermis leading up to the stratum spinosum
c. loss of substance of the epidermis and upper part of the dermis
d. lesion developing after disturbing the cover of vesicles
e. split without loss of skin substance
62. Scar:
a. does not contain sweat and sebaceous glands
b. the cause is loss of skin tissue extending to dermis
c. skin is flat, smooth and glossy
d. hypertrophic forms can also develop