Blood & The Heart
Functions of Blood
1. Nutritive: Carries Molecules throughout the body
2. Respiratory: Transports oxygen from Lungs to the Body Tissues
3. Excretory: Carries waste products out of the body
4. Regulatory: Transports hormones and chemicals that control proper functions
Of many organs
5. Protective: Circulates antibodies and defense cells throughout the body
Blood Composition
1. Plasma: Straw Colored making up 55% of Blood Volume
2. Water: 92% of total volume of Plasma
This percentage is maintained by the kidneys and by water
Intake and Output
3. Nutrients: Absorbed from Digestive Tract
Glucose, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, and Amino Acids are dissolved
4. Electrolytes: Most Abundant are Sodium Chloride, and Potassium Chloride. These
come from foods and chemical processes in the body
5. Hormones: Found in Small Amounts, Helps the body to control its chemical
Vitamins & Reactions
Enzymes
6. Metabolic: All Body’s Cells are actively engaged in chemical reactions
Waste maintaining Homeostasis
Proteins found in Plasma
1. Fibrinogen: Necessary for Blood Clotting
2. Albumin: Most Abundant Protein in Plasma
Made in the Liver
Maintains Osmotic Pressure and Volume
3. Globulin: Formed in the Liver and Lymphatic System
a. Gamma Globulin Helps Synthesize Antibodies which destroy
or Render harmless various disease
causing organisms
b. Prothrombin Helps Blood Coagulate (Vitamin K)
Key Terms:
1. Serum: Name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed
2. Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
3. Leukocytes: White Blood Cells
4. Thrombocytes: Platelets
Blood Vessels or Tissues is injured, the platelets and injured
Tissue release this. Can only cause coagulation is
Calcium ions and Prothrombin are Present
5. Hemoglobin: Red Pigment coloring Agent in Blood
Made from the protein molecule GLOBIN and iron
Compound called HEME
6. Erythropoiesis: Manufacturing of Red Blood Cells
Occurs in the Red Bone Marrow
“Fetus” Red Blood Cells are also produced by the Spleen
And Liver. As one grows older, Red Marrow of the Long
Bones is replaced by fat marrow
7. Hemolysis: Rupture or Bursting of Red Blood Cells
8. Pathogenic: Diseases Causing Microorganisms
9. Abscess: Pus Filled cavity, Below the Epidermis
10. Pyrexia: Body Temperature causing Fever
11. Leukopenia: Decrease the Number of White Blood Cells
12. Pus: Combination of Dead Tissue, Dead and Living Bacteria
13. Coagulation: Blood Clotting
14. Clotting Time: Time it takes blood to clot 5-15 minutes
Types of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
1. Two Major Groups
a. Granulocytes: (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
b. Agranulocytes: (Lymphocytes B and T, Monocytes)
Characteristics and Functions of the Leukocytes
1. Lymphocytes: Formed in the Lymph, Bone Marrow, Spleen
Helps to form antibodies at a Site of Inflammation, Protects
Against Cancers
2. Monocytes: Formed in the Same Manner
Phagocytosis of Cellular Debris
3. Neutrophil: Formed in Bone Marrow
Contributes to Pus Formation
4. Eosinophil: Formed in Bone Marrow
Increases during parasitic, worm infections and allergic attacks
5. Basophil: Fomed in Bone Marrow
Releases Histamine and Promotes the Inflammation Response
Thrombocytes (Platelets): Smallest of the Solid components of blood. They are fragments of cytoplasm. These platelets secrete a chemical called Serotin. Serotin causes the blood vessels to spasm and narrow which decreases in blood loss until a clot forms.
Blood Types: 4 Major Groups or Types (A,B,AB, O)
Inherited from parents. Determined by the presence or absence of the blood protein Agglutinogen or Antigen on the surface of the red blood cells.
Type A Blood has A Antigens
Type B Blood has B Antigens
Type AB Blood has A & B Antigens
Type O Blood has Neither Antigens
There is a protein present in plasma called Agglutinin or Antibody
Type A Blood has B Antibodies
Type B Blood has A Antibodies
Type AB Blood has No Antibodies
Type O Blood has A & B Antibodies
Universal Donor: Type O Rh – Negative: Because it has no antigens for A or B Blood and No Antigens for the Rh factor. It may donate to all types of blood.
Universal Recipient: Type AB Rh – Positive: Because it has both A & B Antigens and the Rh factor positive. Look @ Page 230 / Table 12-4
Rh Factor: Found on the surface of Red Blood Cells. People possessing Rh Factor are Rh +, without it are Rh -. 85% of North America are Rh+
Disorders of Blood
1. Anemia: Deficiency in the number and or percentage or red blood cells and the
Amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
2. Iron – Deficiency Anemia: Exists usually in Women, Children, and Adolescents.
Deficiency of adequate amounts of iron in the diet
3. Pernicious Anemia: Deficiency of Vitamin B-12
4. Aplastic Anemia: Caused by the suppression of the bone marrow. Bone marrow
Doesn’t produce enough red blood cells and white blood cells.
5. Sickle Cell Anemia: Inherited from both parents red blood cells form to be a Crescent
Shaped. Most prevalent in those of African descent
6. Embolism: Substance foreign to the blood stream reaches an artery too large
For passage.
7. Thrombosis: Formation of a Blood clot in the blood vessels
8. Hematoma: Clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue, or space
9. Hemophilia: Heredity disease in which blood clots slowly. Sex – Linked trait
occurs mostly in males. Transmitted from mother to sons
10. Leukemia: Cancerous where there is a large increase in the number of white
Blood cells. Oxygen is lacking from the blood.
11. Septicemia: Presence of pathogenic organisms or toxins in the blood
Major Blood Circuits
Blood leaves the heart through the Arteries and returns by the Veins. Blood uses 3 Circulation Routes:
1. Systemic or General: Circulation carries the blood throughout the body
2. Cardiopulmonary: Carries blood from the Heart to the lungs and back
3. Coronary: Carries blood around the heart only
Heart: 5 inches Long, 3.5 inches wide, weighing less than one pound (12-13 ounces) It is about the size of an Adult Humans Fist
Heart Stoppage: Brain ceases for 5 Seconds or more and the subject losses consciousness
Muscles Twitch convulsively after 15-20 seconds
After about 4-5 Minutes brain cells are damaged irreversibly
Cardiac Arrest: Heart Attack or Myocardial Infarction
CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Pericardium: Tissue surrounding the Heart. Pericardial fluid is in between these two layers. This fluid keeps these layers from touching.
1. Visceral or Serous --- Inner Layer
2. Parietal or Fibrous --- Outer Layer
Myocardium: Middle Lining of the Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Endocardium: Inner Lining lies a smooth tissue that covers the valves and lines the blood vessels providing smooth transit of the blood
Epicardium: Outside Lining of the Heart Tissue
Septum: Separates the Heart into Right and Left Halves
Chambers of the Heart: Right and Left Atria or Auricles (Top Chambers)
Right and Left Ventricles (Bottom Chambers)
Valves of the Heart: Tricuspid (AV), Bicuspid / Mitral (AV),
Pulmonary Semilunar & Aortic Semilunar
Stroke Volume: 70 – 80 Beats per minute is average
60 – 80 ml of blood ejected each time the heart beats
On the Average the adult body contains about 5,000ml of blood. All blood is pumped through the heart about once every minute. During exercise the muscles receive about 60% of the cardiac output. At rest they receive about 27% of the blood.
Lubb Sound (S1): Heard 1st sounds from the Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves closing
Dubb Sound (S2): Heard 2nd sounds and is shorter and higher. Caused by the semilunar valves in the aorta and the pulmonary artery closing
Pacemaker: (Sinoatrial (SA) Node) --- Controls the heartbeat. Located @ the opening of the Superior vena cava into the Right Atria. (Atrioventricular (AV) Node) --- Stimulates the contraction of both vertricles.
Cardiac Cycle: Represents one Heart Beat. It takes about 0.8 Seconds
Systole: The top number of the Blood Pressure. (120 is normal #)
Diastole: The bottom number of the Blood Pressure. (80 is Normal #)
Arrhythmia: Any change from normal rate of the heart
Bradycardia: Slow Heart Rate (Less than 60 BPM)
Tachycardia: Rapid Heart Rate (More than 100 BPM)
Murmurs: Defects of the valves. Gurgling or Hissing Sounds will be heard
Palpitations: Heart feels like it is racing
Angina Pectoris: Severe Chest pains when the heart doesn’t receive enough oxygen. Problems are with the Coronary Circulation
Rheumatic Heart Disease: May be caused by too many Strep Throats as a child, that may cause Rheumatic Fever
Heart Failure: Blood Pools in the Heart and Ventricles are unable to contact
Congestive Heart Failure: Edema of the lower extremities as well as pooling of blood. Blood blocks up to the lungs causing fluid to build up.
Types of Heart Surgery
1. Angioplasty (Balloon Surgery): Help clogged vessels. Balloon threaded into coronary artery then opened to release the blocked area.
2. Coronary Bypass: Surgically providing a detour or bypass to all the blood to go around the blocked area. Usually a vein from the leg is used as the detour.
3. Cardiac Stents: Holds arteries open after Angioplasty. Scar tissue occurs in 25% of patients where radiation is needed to repair the heart.
4. Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization (TMR): Lasers puncture holes into the heart to improve blood flow. Helps patients who are not able to have bypass surgery.
5. Heart Transplants: Last Result when used. Major problem is “Histocompatibility” tissue matching. Immune System rejects the organ being transplanted.