The rise of nation-states in Europe

I.Data-based questions

1.Study Source A and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source A
The following shows a treaty signed by the great powers in 1839.
The king of the Netherlands accepted Belgian independence. The Belgians recognized that Luxembourg should remain a Grand Duchy with the Dutch King as Grand Duke. The River Scheldt was declared open to the commerce of both Belgium and Holland. Belgium was “an independent and perpetually neutral state” under the collective guarantee of Britain, France, Prussia, Russia and Austria.
(a)Which treaty did the source refer to?(1 mark)
(b)Which country proposed the signing of the treaty to end the war of independence?
(1 mark)
(c)What happened to Belgium after the signing of the treaty? (2 marks)
(d)Was this treaty respected by all the European powers during the First World War?
Explain your answer.(1+2 marks)

2.Study Source B and then answer questions (a) to (b).

Source B
The following is adapted from a letter in April 1847.
The word ‘Italy’ is a geographical expression; though it is a term that slides easily off the tongue, it has none of the political implications which the revolutionary ideologists are trying to attach to it ... implications which would threaten the very existence of the individual states which the Italian peninsula.
(a)Who wrote the letter in April 1847?(1 mark)
(b)Why did he think that Italy was only a ‘geographical expression’?(2 marks)

3.Study Source C and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source C

(a)Who was the man standing inside the house? Suggest one clue from the source to
support your answer. (1+1 marks)
(b)Who was the man knocking at the door? Suggest one clue from the source to support
your answer.(1+1 marks)
(c)Explain why the cartoon was entitled ‘The Man in Possession’. Who was in possession
of what? (2 marks)
(d)What did the man inside the house do at last? Why did he do so? (1+1 marks)

4.Study Source D and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source D
A speech given by a statesman to the Prussian Diet, 1862
Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power.... The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions—therein lay the weakness of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron.
(a)Name the statesman who gave this speech. (1 mark)
(b)With reference to the source, what was ‘the weakness of 1848 and 1849’?(3 marks)
(c)What kind of policy did the statesman suggest? (1 mark)
(d)Explain the policy with reference to the historical development of Prussia in the 1860s.
(3 marks)

5.Study Source E and then answer questions (a) to (e).

Source E

(a)Name the places marked A and B. (1+1 marks)
(b)What happened to B when Denmark was defeated in 1865? (1 mark)
(c)Which two countries marked on the map were involved in the Seven Weeks’ War in
1866? (1+1 marks)
(d)What does the area in bold line represent? (1 mark)
(e)Under whose leadership was this area established? (1 mark)

6.Study Source F and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source F
A reply given by a Prussian king to an important meeting in 1848
I was not able to return a favourable reply to the offer of a crown on the part of the German National Assembly, because the Assembly has not the right, without the consent of the German governments, to bestow the crown which they tendered me, and, moreover, because they offered the crown upon condition that I would accept a constitution.
(a)Who does ‘I’ in the source refer to? (1 mark)
(b)What position was offered to him at the meeting? (1 mark)
(c)With reference to the source, suggest two reasons why he refused the position offered
to him at the meeting. (2+2 marks)
(d)Using your knowledge, how did the reply of the Prussian king in the source lead to
the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament? (2 marks)

7.Study Source G and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source G
An extract of a telegram published by Bismarck, 1870
After the news of the withdrawal (from the Spanish throne) of the Prince of Hohenzollern had been officially communicated by the Spanish Government to the French Government, the French Ambassador in Ems none the less demanded that his Majesty (the king) should allow him to telegraph Paris that his Majesty had promised that never again would he agree to a Hohenzollern candidature. His Majesty has therefore decided not to receive the Ambassador again and has informed him by adjutant (a low-rank officer) that he has nothing further to communicate to the Ambassador.
(a)Who was the king mentioned in the telegram? (1 mark)
(b)Name this telegram. Why was it given such a name? (1+2 marks)
(c)What did the French Ambassador demand the king do? (2 marks)
(d)Why did Bismarck publish this telegram? (3 marks)

8.Study Source H and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source H

(a)Which countries are represented by the bear and the turkey. (1+1 marks)
(b)What idea did the cartoonist want to convey? (2 marks)
(c) What were the attitudes of Britain and Austria towards ‘the action of the bear’?
(3 marks)
(d)Suggest one example in historical context to illustrate the attitudes of Britain and
Austria. (2 marks)

9.Study Source I and then answer questions (a) to (d).

Source I

(a)Which country does the man in the middle of the cartoon represent? (1 mark)
(b)Which states do the four dogs represent? (1+1+1+1 marks)
(c)What did the incident shown in the cartoon mean? (2 marks)
(d)What was the attitude of Britain towards the incident shown in the cartoon? Suggest
one clue from the source to support your answer. (2+1 marks)