GRABBER the Late 18Th Century C.E. Signaled the Arrival of Europeans to the Continent Of

GRABBER The late 18th century C.E. signaled the arrival of Europeans to the continent of Africa. (Bulliet, pg. 708, para. 7, sent. 2) GRABBER LONG TERM EFFECT This age of New Imperialism brought about radical consequences for Africa: technological advancements, exploitation of local peoples by colonists, the beginnings of industrialization, and so forth. THESIS ANALYSIS During the 1800’s and 1900’s, colonization of Africa exposed natives to racial discrimination while Europeans dominated the social circle and led to European experiences with primitive tribal groups along with African awareness of Western societies’ abilities; the “Scramble for Africa” during the late 18th century C.E. caused Africans and Europeans alike to support involvement in the dark continent and formed the basis for the growing ideal of segregation. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 9, sent. 3) SEGUE Prejudice against colonized peoples and social supremacy by Westerners became commonplace in colonial Africa throughout this era.

TOPIC SENTENCE ANALYSIS Initially, the age of European imperialism in Africa during the late 1800’s resulted in incidents of bias against natives and granted authority to Europeans in all aspects of society: politically, economically, socially, etc. FACT 1 SOCIAL A photo dating back to 1885 depicts Africans being forced to haul parts of a ship to build a steamboat near the Congo Basin; this picture illustrates what Europeans considered the only function of a primitive individual: to obey orders. (Bulliet, pg. 716, picture) POINT OF VIEW 1 Due to his exposure to racial prejudice in the 19th century C.E., the illustrator of this picture depicted Africans as only useful for working and taking commands, not for being leaders in the 1800’s. (Bulliet, pg. 716, picture)SOCIAL POLITICAL FACT 2The intolerance British, French, and other Westerners possessed towards African people was connected with propaganda published in local periodicals supporting imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries C.E. (Bulliet, pg. 712, para. 1, sent. 4) SOCIAL FACT 3 For example, in 1898, a British newspaper published an illustration that stated the blacks would do exactly what the Englishmen ordered at any time. (Andrea, pg. 304, para. 4, sent. 1-4) (Andrea, pg. 306, picture 3)LONG TERM EFFECT This would be highly influential in the development of racism in Africa during the 1900’s. SOCIAL FACT 4 A quote from a Congolese refugee that lived in the early 20th century C.E. described how Belgian colonists would torture tribal members by cutting off their ears or shooting them to death if they refused to go in search of rubber. (Bulliet, pg. 717, para. 2, sent. 1-3)SOCIAL FACT 5 In fact, the refugee states how the “white men” would refer to the Africans as pieces of meat; this statement emphasizes just how much Europeans believed Africans were worthless beings. (Bulliet, pg. 717, para. 2, sent. 1-3)POINT OF VIEW 2 Due to him witnessing numerous acts of violence against Africans like murder and torture in the 1800’s, the Congolese refugee viewed the 19th century colonists as barbaric beings. (Bulliet, pg. 717, para. 3, sent. 2)POLITICAL SOCIAL FACT 6 Though periodicals throughout Europe would start describing the atrocities that occurred in the colonies, violence and inequities would continue throughout the 1800’s and 1900’s. (Bulliet, pg. 717, para. 3, sent. 3)SOCIAL FACT 7 Racism even managed to become scientific in the 19th century through social Darwinism; officials claimed that studies had proven the pre-eminence of the West over the “primitive” cultures of Africa and Asia. SOCIAL FACT 8 A Congolese woman’s (Ilanga) description of her capture by European colonists in the early 1900’s only heightens the understanding of the brutality of the foreigners; in her account, Ilanga mentions how soldiers stabbed men to death and threw babies into the grass, leaving them to starve as tribal members were forced from their villages. (Bulliet, pg. 721, para. 4, sent. 5) POINT OF VIEW 3 Because of the fact the colonists knifed her husband to death and forced her out of her village in the late 1800’s, Ilanga viewed the settlers as violent, unjust people who had to leave her homeland as soon as possible. SOCIAL FACT 9 While Africans experienced constant discrimination throughout the era of New Imperialism, white settlers were enjoying profitable, attractive lifestyles. (Bulliet, pg. 722, para. 2, sent. 3)SOCIAL FACT 10 During the late 1800’s, wives of colonists might control hundreds of black menthat served them hand and foot; usually, these servants were responsible for house work and entertainment. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 5, sent. 7)SOCIAL FACT 11 The social dominance of Europeans during the 19th and 20th centuries C.E. in colonial Africa is expressed in a quote by the wife of a Nigerian colonist: Sylvia Leith-Ross. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 6, sent. 4)SOCIAL INTELLECTUAL FACT 12In her statement, Ross makes it clear that she only wanted to be exposed to her culture; she stated that at times the African culture was quite frightening. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 6, sent. 3)INTELLECTUAL FACT 13 Ross makes it obvious: European customs and traditions are respected and have to be followed; the people of Africa are abnormal just like their beliefs. SEGUE Though Europeans and Africans had different social experiences during this epoch, both sides made strong calls for separation of their cultures in the 19th century C.E.
TOPIC SENTENCE ANALYSIS Furthermore,19th and 20th century colonialism in Africa strengthened calls for segregation among Europeans and Africans alike. SOCIAL INTELLECTUAL FACT 1 The desire for white settlers to be keep apart from the African tribes firmly stands out in a statement made by one of the founding members of the British Women’s Emigration Association in the 1880’s: Ellen Joyce. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 4, sent. 5) SOCIAL FACT 2 Joyce said that the issue of settlers marrying women of their own nationality was a pivotal matter in all aspects. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 4, sent. 6) POINT OF VIEW 4 Due to the fact that Joyce rejected integration and found African practices to be shocking, she thought that marriages had to be kept between people of the same nationality in the 19th century. INTELLECTUAL FACT 3 Joyce’s view was a major opposition to interracial marriage during the 19th and 20th centuries C.E. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 4, sent. 4) SOCIAL FACT 4What this woman basically stated was Europeans with Europeans and Africans with Africans. POLITICAL FACT 5 In addition, an even clearer request for segregation was made by the wife of a Nigerian colonist, Sylvia Leith-Ross in the 19th century C.E. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 6, sent. 4)POINT OF VIEW 5 Because of the fact Ross felt interracial marriage weakened one’s national identity, she felt that no matter the reality thatthey were surrounded by and influenced by African customs, Europeans had to remember who they were and what they stood for. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 6, sent. 6)SOCIAL FACT 6 Ross was among the hundreds of women in colonial Africa responsible for the growing popularity of segregation. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 6, sent. 5)SOCIAL FACT 7 This was probably one of the largest roles European women played in Africa during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Women’s desire for segregation can be connected with the idea originating in the 19th century C.E. that a primitive being (an African) only responds to “force, power, boldness, and decision.” SOCIAL FACT 8 On the matter of separating the different races, Africans viewed the topic eye-to-eye with the Europeans. RELIGION SOCIAL FACT 9 A Christian convert from the dark continent expresses this agreement in a quote from 1911. (Bulliet, pg. 722, para. 1, sent. 1-3) SOCIAL FACT 10 In his statement, the convert made it blatantly obvious that he thought Europeans were more of a danger to the world than a benefit. (Bulliet, pg. 722, para. 1, sent. 2 )RELIGION ECONOMIC SOCIAL FACT 11 The individual felt that people from Europe were too corrupt and should not be called Christendom but Europeandom. (Bulliet, pg. 722, para. 1, sent. 4-7) POINT OF VIEW 6 Due to his exposure to the unscrupulousness and greediness of Europeans in Africa, the 20th century Christian convert supported segregation from the white men, viewing it as a means of preserving the African culture.SOCIAL FACT 12 The fear of losing their customs caused people throughout Africa toencourage isolation of different races from one another. (Bulliet, pg. 723, para. 2, sent. 2-3) ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS An additional document that describes the feelings of Africans toward segregation after they experienced it would be beneficial in showing the actual effects of separation of races in Africa. SOCIAL FACT 13 The issue of segregation would stir debate throughout numerous nations in the 20th century C.E in nations such as South Africa and the United States of America. SEGUE Now, European and African experiences in the 1900’s would vary once again in regards to the opposition both sides faced as the “Scramble for Africa” spread: weak adversaries for the white men and violent, cunning foes for the natives of the continent. (Bulliet, pg. 712, para. 1, sent. 4)

TOPIC SENTENCE ANALYSIS Moreover,the early 1800’s and late 1900’s in colonial Africa brought about differing incidents of conflict for Europeans and Africans with the foreigners facing relatively simple challenges while the Africans had to endure harsh colonists and soldiers and counter their advancedtechnological devices. POLITICAL SOCIAL FACT 1 The weakness of the African forces was expressed by advertisements in Great Britain during the 1880’s. (Bulliet, pg. 711, picture) SOCIAL FACT 2 For example, an ad for Pears Soap in Britain stated that the product was the answer to British conquest in Africa. (Bulliet, pg. 711, picture) POINT OF VIEW 7 Due to the fact the person who sketched Pears Soap’s ad in the 19th century C.E. was exposed to British propaganda that supportedAfrican colonialism,he or she sent a strong message through the poster in the 1800’s that Africans were savage people who were no match for Western societies’ weapons and intellect. (Bulliet, pg. 711, picture) POLITICAL INTELLECTUAL FACT 3 This ideology was only strengthened by the future Prime Minister of Britain Winston Churchill’s statements after the Battle of Omdurman in Sudan on September 2, 1898 which was won by the British. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 1, sent. 2 )POLITICAL FACT 4 In a quote, Churchill stated that one of the strongest African armies of the 19th century C.E. was brushed aside without any difficulty by a modern European military unit. (Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 2, sent. 1)POINT OF VIEW 8 Because of the fact that Churchill won the Battle of Omdurman in a few hours with only 48 causalities after defeating thousands of Sudanese fighters, he considered 19th century Africans to be beings of little knowledge and no resourcefulness that were at the feet of Europeans. SOCIAL FACT 5 This statement rejected the little progress Africans had made in the last three centuries and caused even more Europeans to view people from Africa as primal.(Bulliet, pg. 713, para. 4, sent. 5)SOCIAL FACT 6 While Europeans faced little tests of strength in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s in Africa, the natives endured what they could have possibly considered their greatest challenge yet. SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLITICAL FACT 7 The Europeans were a threat to the very way of living of the Africans: they affected economics, politics, religion, etc. (Spodek, pg. 554, para. 1, sent. 5) TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL FACT 8 Africans could do little to resist the influence of the settlers who wielded firearms and threatened to kill an individual’s family members. POLITICAL SOCIAL FACT 9 All through the 19thand 20th centuries C.E., tribal people would form rebellions to try and overthrow the rule of Europeans; these efforts were all in vain. (Spodek, pg. 554, para. 2, sent. 1) POLITICAL FACT 10 The Maji-Maji revolt, which lasted from 1905 to 1907, was one of the best organized uprisings in 20th century colonial Africa.(Spodek, pg. 554, para. 2, sent. 3) POLITICAL FACT 11 More than 70,000 rebels fought against German occupation of Tanganyika in the early 1900’s. (Spodek, pg. 554, para. 2, sent. 5) SOCIAL POLITICAL FACT 12 Though it was crushed, the Maji-Maji revolt showed Africans that the Europeans were vulnerable; this led to the formation of numerous other riots in Africa (Spodek, pg. 554, para. 2, sent. 4) TECHNOLOGY FACT 13Furthermore, the white men also possessed a technological advantage over the people of Africa: steam engines, guns, trains, etc.(Bulliet, pg. 711, para. 4, sent. 3)TECHNOLOGY FACT 14 This simplified the conquest of the African continent. TECHNOLOGY FACT 15 A map depicting Africa in 1878 and 1914 shows European settlements across the continent; in under fifty years, Europeans went from dominating a few coastlines to controlling the whole continent with the exceptions of Liberia and Ethiopia. (Bulliet, pg. 715, picture) TECHNOLOGY FACT 16 The cause of this rapid expansion during the early 20th century C.E. is attributed to the technological aides of colonists like the steam-boat. (Bulliet, pg. 715, picture) SEGUE The advancements Europeans presented to Africa in the late 19th century C.E. and early 1900’s would sooner or later be adopted by the natives and caused certain Africans to support colonialism.

TOPIC SENTENCE ANALYSIS In addition,during the era of New Imperialism, certain Africans and Europeans had come to believe the involvement of Western societies to be essential in the development of the dark continent in the 20th century. C.E. and to the growth of Europe.SOCIAL FACT 1 The populace in Africa that supported the settlers in the 1800’s usually considered the natives to be a threat to themselves.(Bulliet, pg. 719, para. 4, sent. 3)SOCIAL FACT 2 This belief was expressed through Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first African bishop from Sierra Leone. (Bulliet, pg. 719, para. 5, sent. 1)INTELLECTUAL SOCIAL FACT 3 This man felt that Africa did not possess any knowledge to be able to advance and grow into an industrialized continent one its own. (Bulliet, pg. 719, para. 5, sent. 3)POINT OF VIEW 9Because of the fact that this bishop attended a mission school in the 1800’s that upheld Western ideals and taught European values, Crowther believed that through the help of Europeans,Africa would be able to exploit its natural riches and become a stronger entity. (Bulliet, pg. 719, para. 5, sent. 1-4)TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL FACT 4 The wonders that Western nations introduced to Africa in the 19th century C.E. left the people in awe; Africans wanted to achieve the same level of success as the old continent. SOCIAL FACT 5 A Nigerian woman named Baba documented the arrival of Europeans to her village in the 19th century C.E.; in her account, Baba described how even though the foreign men took over numerous towns, they called for an end to slavery, promising fairness to all people. (Bulliet, pg. 720, para. 4, sent. 5)SOCIAL FACT 6 When compared to the tales of violent settlers in the 1800’s, Baba’s story displays the grand diversity of African experiences during colonialism. SOCIAL POLITICAL FACT 7 It is important to note that the notion of equality for all attracted numerous Africans in the 19th century C.E. and blinded them to the fact they might have to live under the rule of Europeans. (Bulliet, pg. 719, para. 2, sent. 4)RELIABILITY STATEMENT Now, the reliability of this document is questionable as Baba was only exposed to a minority of settlers: those that wanted to end slavery; her opinion could easily have changed if the colonists would have taken her or a family member away from his or her home. This document does not accurately portray African attitudes towards Europeans. ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS An additional document that would be helpful in forming a more factual analysis would be a diary of a European colonist from the 1800’s that expressed his opinions of the natives; it would help counter the judgments of Africans towards Europeans. ECONOMIC FACT 8 Europeans also considered African colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries C.E. to be crucial for personal gain. (Bulliet, pg. 710, para. 7, sent. 3)ECONOMIC FACT 9 A major reason for involvement in this era was because of the high demand for raw products that were not found in Europe; for example, goods such as copper, cotton, tea, and tin, all highly valued in the old continent, were found throughout Africa. ECONOMIC POLITICAL FACT 10 Control of the southern Africa was also appealing because of the abundance of diamonds and gold. (Bulliet, pg. 711, para. 1, sent. 2) POLITICAL FACT 11 Now, the desire for these precious materials combined with the aspiration to expand national prestige formed the base to support African colonialism in the 1800’s. ECONOMY FACT 12 European influence also affected the African economy in the 19th century by making it more stable and shifting it to specialization. (Bulliet, pg. 711, para. 2, sent. 3) TECHNOLOGY FACT 13 It is important to note that though imperial nations in the 19th and 20th centuries C.E. introduced technology to colonies in Africa like the telegraph lines, this was an inadvertent action; ECONOMIC FACT 14Europeans in fact wanted to halt settlements from taking control of their own economic potentials. SEGUE African imperialism was supposed to be a one-sided affair that slipped up and granted the natives the basis for industrialization. (Bulliet, pg. 718, para. 5, sent. 7)

TOPIC SENTENCE ANALYSIS To summarize, African colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries C.E. led to encounters between Europeans and Africans: incidents of racial bias against natives, supremacy of the settlers, fruitless revolts by Africans, and weak opposition towards the colonists; though occurrences varied among the two groups, situations took place in which there was support for European imperialism and segregation among both factions. (Bulliet, pg. 718, para. 7, sent. 5)SHORT TERM EFFECT Colonization during the 1800’s began industrialization in Africa with the introduction of the railway, telegraph lines, the steam engine, etc. (Spodek, pg. 554, para. 7, sent. 4) LONG TERM EFFECT The effects of European occupation for more than half a century are still felt in modern day Africa like in the economic and political center of Cairo, Egypt, and the Spanish-speaking country of Equatorial Guinea. CLOSURE LONG TERM EFFECT Disputes among the countries of France, Italy, Great Britain, and Germany concerning Africa in the 1800’s would open a rift in the European continent that would leave the stage set for a war to end all wars: World War I.