The Cold War Begins

Ch.19Section 1

Setting the Scene

  • Allied Cooperation was Temporary
  • Stalin is hostile to capitalism and the U.S. in particular
  • The Soviet Union just lost 20 million citizens and had it’s western half decimated.

Soviet Goals

•Stalin wants...

–20 Billion in ______from Germany.

–a ______to protect “Mother Russia” from Europe.

–To make sure Germany is never a threat again.

The U.S. wants…

•______for the countries we just fought to liberate.

•A strong, free, and open Europe.

–(______!)

“Uncle Joe” vs “Give ‘em hell Harry”

•Truman was very______to be President.

•Truman was kept out of all foreign policy under FDR.

•Stalin was a much stronger ______than Truman anticipated.

Potsdam Cont…

•Stalin will allow ______in Poland (lie)

•The United Nations is created as a ______body.

–The U.S. will join the U.N., unlike the ______

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

- Winston Churchill

Soviets tighten their grip

•One by one, all countries that were liberated by the U.S.S.R. fall under Stalin’s ______.

•Elections in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, East Germany are ______or ______, and these countries become ______states of the Soviet Union.

“The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything”

- Stalin

“The United States policy towards the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”

-George Kennan

The U.S. Containment Policy

•Many argued that containment was too ______, and we should push Stalin back into his borders.

•Keenan, however, saw what the future held for the Soviet Union, stating that it:

“bears within it the seeds of its own decay”.

•Keenan’s argument carries the day, and ______becomes the U.S.’s official policy towards communism for the coming decades.

•This allows us to keep communism from taking over democracies.

However…

•We have no way of ______communism in countries were it already has ______.

"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

–Harry S. Truman

The Truman Doctrine

•Turkey and Greece have considerable communist influence within their countries.

•The U.S. gave over $______million dollars in aid to make sure these countries wouldn’t become communist.

The Cold War Around the World - Chapter 19, Section 2&3

Setting the Scene

•21 million Europeans are homeless

•20% of Poland’s population is dead

•1 in 5 French and Belgian homes are destroyed or damaged

•Livestock and farm equipment were destroyed

•The U.S. Responds to the Cold War

In Europe:

•______: A plan to fund the economic ______of Europe (Reconstruction) b/c the Commies were gaining ______in many devastated areas.

•Berlin Airlift: Stalin seals of ______(which was inside the Soviet Zone) in 1948, hoping that the U.S. would ______it. We fly in for over 15 months, until Stalin abandons the ______. 200k flights @ 13,000 tons of supplies per DAY!

•______is formed to act as a barrier against Soviet aggression

–Allows European ______to stand together (collective security)

•The Commies respond with the ______

In Asia:

•China falls to ______and his communist forces(they had been fighting since the 1920’s).

•We initially help the Chinese government, but realize that the fall is inevitable, we withdraw aid.

•Losing China is a BIG BLOW to the ______administration

With Regard to Nuclear Weapons:

•When we learn that the ______have the atomic bomb, Truman authorizes research on a ______bomb, which is many times more powerful than an atomic bomb.

At home:

•Remember: Many Americans had joined ______or ______organizations during the ______.

•Loyalty Programs: all federal employees were subject to ______.

•HUAC: began to probe the U.S. (Especially Hollywood) for Communist ______.

•“The Hollywood Ten”: group a writers, directors, actors, and producers who refused to testify before the HUAC. All were ______or ______.

•McCarran-Walter Act: Re-instated immigration quotas from the 1920’s. Senator McCarran believed most ______Americans were ______.

–This bill passed over Truman’s veto.

Blacklists

•People who were seen as un-American or disloyal were blacklisted, which meant that no studios would hire them. This happened a great deal in Hollywood.

Spy Cases:

–______was a former high ranking official who was put on trial for ______.

–______and ______were convicted of giving atomic secrets to the Russians. Both were executed.

–According to released Soviet documents, Julius Rosenberg and Algar Hiss were guilty, Ethel was probably not.

***Loyalty Programs, Committee investigations, Blacklists and highly ______spy cases convinced many Americans that the threat of spies was very real and lead to a climate of great ______in America. Many people’s ______were violated during this period. ***

The Korean War

•WWII FLASHBACK!: After the Russians pushed ______from Korea, the Korean Peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel between Communist forces in the ______and American forces in the ______.

•After a surprise ______invasion pushed U.S. and South Korean forces to the tip of Korea, the U.S. counters.

•Macarthur pushes the ______forces all the way to the ______River (which is the southern border of China).

•______(and secretly, the Russians) enter the war.

•Truman Fires MacArthur for ______.

•MacArthur returns home to a hero’s welcome.

•The fighting eventually ______at the 38th Parallel.

Results of the war

•Military application of the ______

•Americans Frustrations – Why did ______American soldiers die for a stalemate?

•______of the Army

•Permanent increase in the military budget

•Creates a permanent “______-______” complex.

•Alliance of the ______, ______and ______communities

•The fear is that this “complex” will affect American ______.

The Continuing Cold War

Chapter 19, section 4

Setting the Scene

2nd Red Scare

1950 - McCarthy’s List

  • ______Communists working for the US government
  • Actually people who had been investigated under Truman’s ______
  • Used this list to catapult himself to ______(he was a nobody rookie senator before this)
  • Uses ______ to intimidate his opponents
  • Even Went after George Marshall
  • “a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history of man”

1953 Reelected to the Senate

  • Made ______of the Senate Subcommittee to investigate Communist Influence in the US
  • Being accused by McCarthy’s committee ruins many ______and ______
  • Many Senators were afraid to stand up to him for fear of being branded a “______” (communist sympathizer)
  • Margaret Chase Smith – “Declaration of Conscience”

1954 – McCarthy’s aid is drafted into the Army.

  • McCarthy accuses the Army of being “______with Communists”
  • Senate Sub-Committee votes to investigate the Army, Democrats ask to televise the ______
  • Americans are shocked to see McCarthy ______and ______witnesses
  • McCarthy is exposed as a ______and loses all ______, and the Senate condemns him.
  • McCarthy accuses the Senate of being Communists

Edward R. Murrow

  • Journalist who tried to expose McCarthy as a fraud on his program “______”

Effects of McCarthyism:

The US went through an extensive period of suppression of free speech and open debate. ***IT WAS ______TO HAVE A ______OPINION***

The Cold War in the 1950’s

  • Many policy makers in Washington wanted to “______” Communism
  • Eisenhower knew that open war with the Soviets could be ______
  • Did not aid the ______(1954) ______(1956) or the ______(1956) in uprisings against the Soviets
  • Ends the war in Korea
  • Aid to France who is trying to hold on to on of their colonies, ______

Middle East

  • Creation of ______and Palestine in ______are a major cause of tension in the Middle East
  • Eisenhower struggles to keep ______nations from falling under Communist influence
  • Overthrow the temporary Iranian government; reinstate the ______Shah of Iran
  • Eisenhower Doctrine – Support any country in the Middle East that was attempting to resist the influence of Communism

Latin America

  • We (CIA) overthrow the ______Government that was too radical for our tastes
  • We invade Nicaragua and Honduras to help “______” two unpopular (but pro-American) leaders

Arms Race

1953 – We test our first ______bomb

1954 – Soviets test their first thermonuclear bomb

1954 – We test 19 thermonuclear bombs

  • The US government believes in a policy of ______. We will become so strong, no one will attack us
  • ______– the ability to go the very edge of open war to achieve political goals
  • ______– since we had much better planes to deliver our bombs, the Soviets began to develop missiles

1957 – Soviets use an ICBM to launch ______. Americans realize that they now have the ability to launce a missile at the US from the USSR

  • U2 spy plane is shot down

***Both Sputnik and the U2 incident show that we are ______behind the soviets in ______research.***

Ch 22

JFK’s Presidency

1960 Election

  • ______vs. ______
  • The ______may have been the deciding factor. Kennedy ______and more ______on TV
  • Kennedy Wins the 1960 Election by one of the narrowest margins in American history.
  • As a result, Kennedy has a weak ______.

Domestic Policies

“New Frontier”

  • Improve the ______, assist the ______, speed up the ______
  • JFK wants: Tax cuts, medical care for the elderly, federal education funding ______
  • JFK wants: Housing Funding, 24th Amendment, banning poll taxes, and the Equal Pay Act ______!

Space Program

  • In response to ______, we will attempt to put the ______. The Russians beat us at this too.
  • JFK makes the long term goal of being the ______.

Foreign policy

Bay of Pigs Invasion / Berlin Crisis / Cuban Missile Crisis / Peace Corps
  • Castro takes ______, seizes U.S. ______, and cozies up to the ______.
  • JFK learns of ______plan to overthrow Castro w/Cuban ______
  • Goes ahead with plan, but not ______
  • Invasion is a ______
  • Makes JFK and U.S. look ______!
/
  • Moscow wants division of ______to be ______.
  • JFK/Khrushchev talks fail
  • JFK bulks up the ______BIG TIME!
  • USSR responds by building the ______almost overnight.
  • Crisis ends with the wall
  • JFK/U.S. ______to the Soviets
“Ich bin ein Berliner!” /
  • Soviets want ______in Cuba b/c of Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • US spy plane sees them
  • JFK can ______, ______, ______, or ______
  • JFK chooses to “______” Cuba
  • Story goes public, people are ______.
  • Soviets call back their ships
  • Khrushchev sends 2 notes to JFK, JFK responds to both, one ______, one ______.
  • Hotline Established
  • Limited test ban Treaty
/
  • Established by JFK to put ______, ______and ______in third world countries.

Kennedy Assassination

  • Kennedy was in ______to bolster support among Texas ______.
  • Newspapers published the ______in advance, and many people lined the route
  • Just after ______Kennedy was hit by and assassin’s bullet (s?)
  • He was pronounced dead at 1:00pm
  • ______was sworn in at 2:35 while en route to DC with Jackie Kennedy and JFK’s body.