Chem 1105 Final Exam 13 December 2008 100 points
Name______KEY______
I. Multiple Choice (20 questions @ 3 pts; 60 points total)
1. All of these occurred and accelerated during the Industrial Revolution in Britain except
a. Mechanization of production of goods.
b. **Termination of export trade.
c. Development and use of steam power.
d. Systematic improvement of iron smelting and ironworks.
e. Emergence of chemical and petrochemical industries
2. Which statement is false with regard to the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution?
a. Factories did not have to be located by water power.
b. Steam engines were adapted to power the machines of nearly every major IR industry.
c. Improvements in the production of iron and the machining of iron for steam engine construction increased steam engine sales.
d. Improvement in the steam engine was continuous and pursued by many engineers and industrialists.
e. **The use of steam engines produced no pollution.
3. The early production of soap required all of these starting materials except
a. **Benzene
b. Fuel (source of heat)
c. Animal fat (fatty acids)
d. Wood ashes (alkali)
e. Plant oil (glycerol)
4. Which statement about global warming is false?
a. The predominant greenhouse gas is CO2.
b. Global warming today has its roots in the Industrial Revolution.
c. **Global warming occurs because all of the sun’s radiation hitting the earth warms the earth’s surface.
d. Global warming is also called climate change.
e. CH4 and N2O are also greenhouse gases.
5. The smelting of iron from iron ore required all of these except
a. Fuel
b. Carbon
c. Limestone
d. Iron ore
e. **Silica
6. All of these were products of the early chemical industry except
a. Na2CO3
b. NaCl
c. **PCl3
d. K2CO3
e. NaOCl
7. Beer and wine contain ______and are ______.
a. Methanol, acidic
b. Propanol, basic
c. Ethanol, basic
d. **Ethanol, acidic
e. Methanol, basic
8. Coal fired power plants produce all of these except
a. **SiO2
b. SO2
c. Hg
d. NO2
e. CO2
9. The method used to separate organic compounds in coal tar and also to increase the % alcohol in scotch whiskey is called
a. Electrolysis
b. Smelting
c. Saponification
d. **Fractional distillation
e. Organic synthesis
10. All of these are by-products of coal except
a. Coal gas
b. **Sulphuric Acid
c. Coke
d. Ammonium chloride
e. Tar
11. Oxides of metals (Cu, Fe, Pb) and oxides of nonmetals (Si) were used extensively in the ______industry.
a. Coal tar
b. Steam engine
c. Soda ash
d. Fermentation
e. **Pottery
12. Select the chemical equation for fermentation of glucose into grain alcohol in the presence of yeast.
a. C6H12O6 + 6O2à 6CO2 + 6H2O
b. C6H12O6 + 6H2 à 6CH3OH
c. **C6H12O6 à 2C2H5OH + 2H2O
d. C6H12O6 + O2 à 2C2H5OH + 2H2O2
e. C6H12O6 + 8H2 + O2 à 6CH3OH + 2H2O
13. Which of the following chemical strategies is not a green chemistry strategy?
a. **Increase the use of petrochemical solvents to insure product purity.
b. Decrease the toxicity of reactants.
c. Increase the use of catalysts where possible.
d. Select reactions that have minimal energy requirements.
e. Increase the ratio of product atoms to reactant atoms.
14. All of these methods are being developed to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere except
a. Store CO2 in spent mines.
b. **Dissolve CO2 in the oceans.
c. Capture CO2 in coal-fired power plant flues.
d. Walk or take public transportation.
e. Convert CO2 to non-greenhouse gas compounds such as CO, carbonates, HCOOH.
15. Charcoal and coal were used extensively during the Industrial Revolution. All of these statements are true for both charcoal and coal except
a. Charcoal and coal are produced from natural resources in the absence of oxygen.
b. The primary element in charcoal and coal is carbon.
c. Many impurities and water are driven off in the production of charcoal and coal.
d. **If heated long enough, charcoal produces coal.
e. Charcoal and coal were used to heat homes.
16. The first dye synthesized was mauve. Which statement about mauve is false?
a. The starting materials for the synthesis of mauve were products of coal tar.
b. **William Perkins synthesized mauve when he was trying to make indigo.
c. Mauve is an organic dye.
d. William Perkins was only 18 years old when he synthesized mauve.
e. As recently as 2007, researchers reported on the actual structure of mauve molecules.
17. Coal produces about _____% of the world’s electricity and the US has about _____% of all coal reserves.
a. 20%, 80%
b. 52%, 70%
c. 80%, 15%
d. 25%, 12%
e. **40%, 27%
18. All of the following are properties of soap except
a. **Insoluble in water
b. Lowers the surface tension or water (surfactant)
c. Has a negative charge
d. Consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids
e. Has a long carbon chain that dissolves fats and oils
19. Which statement about acid rain is false?
a. Acid rain forms when non metal oxide gases combine with water in the atmosphere.
b. Acid rain causes the pH of lakes, oceans and rivers to decrease.
c. **Acid rain forms when metal oxide gases combine with water in the atmosphere.
d. When the ocean becomes too acidic, seashells start to dissolve.
e. Acid rain causes bronze statues to corrode.
20. Distilled alcohol cannot be fortified to more than 95% alcohol because
a. Current separations methods are not good enough.
b. Alcohol and water form an ideal solution.
c. Alcohol would decompose if the percentage exceeds 95%.
d. **Alcohol and water form a nonideal solution.
e. Alcohol with greater than 95% alcohol explodes.
II. Oral Presentations (10 questions @ 2 points; 20points total)
1. Briefly describe the saponification reaction? Name the starting materials and the product.
Saponification is the reaction for making soap.
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids à triglyceride.
Triglyceride + sodium or potassium (alkali) à alkali salt of fatty acid + glycerol.
Alkali salt of fatty acid = soap
2. The first person to light his own house with coal gas was _Wm Murdoch__.
3. Name the three main ingredients needed to make beer.
Barley, yeast, water
4. What compound did Priestley heat to collect oxygen? HgO
5. How did Roebuck and Garbett advance the oil of vitriol industry?
They started making sulphuric acid in lead containers instead of glass containers. This increased the capacity of the containers and therefore production level.
6. Name the three components of pottery glaze. Silica, alumina, flux
7. Name two ways that bleach works.
Bleach converts C=O and C=C bonds to single bonds via oxidation (adding oxygen) or reduction.
8. Who coined the term “porcelain”? ___Marco Polo___
9. Name the three major components of glass.
Silica (former), soda ash or potash (flux), stabilizer (CaO)
10. Which of the fabric dyeing methods requires the oxidation of the dye? __vat dyeing______
III. Short essays (20 points)
Note that you should pick one from each question. Clarity, factual material, specific examples and good writing will be rewarded.
1. (8) Describe the environmental impact including its chemical basis. Describe how contemporary chemists are mitigating this negative impact. Incorporate chemistry into your answer. Choose one of these:
a. Air pollution and acid rain
Coal-fired power plants emit many non-metal oxide compounds that react with water to form acids (sulphuric, nitric, carbonic).
SO2 + H2O + ½ O2 à H2SO4
2NO2 + H2O + ½ O2 à 2HNO3
2NO + H2O + 3/2 O2 à 2HNO3
These acids precipitate as acid rain and acidify the oceans and land resulting in the 1. destruction of plant and animal habitat (sea shell dissolves, lake become dead and cannot support aquatic life, soil pH decreases impacting crop survivability), 2. corrosion to buildings and statues, 3. detrimental health impact.
Engineering scrubbers into coal fired power plants will remove these non-metal oxides. Scrubber efficiencies are high, > 95%. Developing alternative fuel sources and reducing energy use will reduce acid rain. The former includes wind, solar, nuclear, hydroelectric, H2 fuel, corn to ethanol alternatives.
b. Air pollution and global warming: CO2 is a product of burning fossil fuels (coal, autos, oil, natural gas). CO2 is a greenhouse gas that has been building up in the earth’s atm since the Industrial Revolution. It (along with CH4, N2O, H2O) absorb IR radiation reflected from the earth and then remit it causing an increase in the earth’s temperature. The IR radiation originates with the sun’s radiation.
As the earth warms, 1. weather patterns change causing flooding in some areas and droughts in others, 2. glaciers and the polar ice caps melt, 3. plant and animal habitats (ie polar bears) are destroyed, 4. crop survivability changes, 5. famine and disease increase.
Considerable research is conducted to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. E.g. sequestering CO2 in spent mines and oil wells and as ice in oceans. Also, the conversion of CO2 into non greenhouse gases is being pursued. Many are working on the reduction of fossil fuel use by developing wind, solar, nuclear, hydroelectric, H2 fuel, corn to ethanol alternatives. Another important strategy is to reduce energy usage.
2. (5) Describe how one of the following is made. Include the chemistry associated with the reaction(s) and define the reactants and products.
a. Soap See II.1.
b. Beer or wine Barley is allowed to germinate so convert starch to sugar; sugar (carbohydrate, glucose, C6H12O6) + yeast (without oxygen) produces alcohol (ethanol, CH3CH2OH. Hops are added for flavour.
3. (7) Write about the major contributions of one of these choices to the Industrial Revolution.
a. The Darbys (3 of them): Abraham Darby I developed the smelting of iron using coke. AD II expanded the ironworks at Ironbridge. AD III built the first iron bridge.
b. Ninth Earl of Dundonald – Carron Iron works, coal tar products, salt, potash and soda ash production.
c. James Watt and Matthew Boulton – Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen’s steam engine greatly improving fuel efficiency and also moderately increasing horsepower. Boulton’s skilled machinists and existing manufactory made it possible for Watt’s steam engine to be produced, marketed and widely distributed. The Boulton-Watt partnership lasted 25 years and the steam engine advanced nearly every industry during the Industrial Revolution: ironworks, textiles, pottery, transportation, fermentation.
Extra Credit (6)
1. LeBlanc reacted sea salt, sulphuric acid, limestone and charcoal to make___soda ash or Na2CO3______.
2. Where did the term “pig” iron come from?
Molten iron was poured into molds that resembled a sow with suckling piglets. The “piglets” were broken off for further use and called pig iron.
3. Name two compounds that coal-fired power plant scrubbers remove?
SO2, NO, NO2, particular matter, Hg
I.______(60)
II.______(20)
III.______(20)
Total______(100)
Ex Cr______(6)
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