Table 1.Intercorrelation of DEQ and HRSD variables
Variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9- Dependency, Pre
- Dependency, Post
- Self-Criticism, Pre
- Self-Criticism, Post
- Connectedness, Pre
- Connectedness, Post
- Neediness, Pre
- Neediness, Post
- Baseline HRSD
Note. Pre = pre-treatment (n = 149); Post = post-treatment (n = 71); DEQ = Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. *p < .05,**p < .01,***p < .001.
Table 2.Multilevel Models Predicting Depression Symptoms(HRSD) during Treatment from InitialDEQ Dependency and Self-Criticism
Variable / Model 1Main effects and interaction with time / Model 2
Interaction with demographic/treatment variables
2a / 2b / 2c
Fixed effect
Intercept / 0.77 (0.81) / 0.83 (0.82) / -0.02 (0.83) / 0.75 (0.95)
DEPi / -0.20 (0.18) / -0.18 (0.24) / -0.77 (0.25)** / -0.33 (0.27)
SCi / 0.15 (0.15) / 0.11 (0.20) / 0.15 (0.23) / 0.27 (0.30)
HRSDi / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.98 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)***
Sex / — / -0.11 (0.52)
×DEPi -0.01 (0.36)
×SCi 0.12 (0.30) / — / —
Race / — / — / 1.14 (0.48)*
×DEPi 0.99 (0.34)**
×SCi -0.13 (0.29) / —
MED / — / — / — / 0.91 (0.60)
×DEPi 0.62 (0.42)
×SCi -0.59 (0.36)
SET / — / — / — / —
PBO / — / — / — / -0.78 (0.65)
×DEPi -0.18 (0.43)
×SCi 0.14 (0.40)
Slope (Time) / -0.38 (1.12) / -0.86 (1.11) / 0.22 (1.24) / -0.37 (1.32)
×DEPi / 0.49 (0.23)* / 0.26 (0.24) / 0.72 (0.37) / 0.77 (0.36)*
×SCi / 0.01 (0.23) / 0.13 (0.25) / -0.01 (0.31) / 0.19 (0.47)
×HRSDi / -0.10 (0.06) / -0.09 (0.05) / -0.10 (0.06) / -0.10 (0.06)
× Sex / — / 1.16 (0.79)
×DEPi 0.57 (0.50)
×SCi -0.35 (0.55) / — / —
× Race / — / — / -0.92 (0.73)
×DEPi -0.31 (0.48)
×SCi 0.09 (0.45) / —
× MED / — / — / — / -0.45 (0.94)
×DEPi -0.67 (0.55)
×SCi -0.19 (0.59)
× SET / — / — / — / —
× PBO / — / — / — / 0.45 (1.09)
×DEPi -0.16 (0.57)
×SCi -0.41 (0.64)
Random effect
Intercept / 0.07 (0.44) / 0.07(0.44) / 0.07 (0.45) / 0.07 (0.45)
Time / 3.88 (1.09)*** / 3.74 (1.08)*** / 3.81 (1.12)*** / 3.77 (1.15)***
Level-1 effect / 13.23 (1.26)*** / 13.24 (1.26)*** / 13.19 (1.24)*** / 13.21 (1.25)***
Note. HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; DEQ = Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; DEPi = initial DEQ Dependency; SCi= initial DEQ Self-Criticism; HRSDi= initial depression severity (covariate); slope (time) = change in HRSD in units of logtransformed weeks; Sex = sex dichotomized as male (1) or female (0); Race = racial identity dichotomized as White (1) or racial minority (0); MED = medication; SET = supportive-expressive therapy (reference condition); PBO = placebo pill; values are unstandardized coefficients (standard error).
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 3.Multilevel Models Predicting Depression Symptoms (HRSD) during Treatment from Residual DEQ Dependency and Self-Criticism
Variable / Model 1Main effects and interaction with time / Model 2
Interaction with demographic/treatment variables
2a / 2b / 2c
Fixed effect
Intercept / 1.11 (0.79) / 1.12 (0.79) / 1.01 (0.79) / 1.40 (0.79)
DEPr / 0.12 (0.16) / 0.09 (0.16) / 0.14 (0.15) / -0.12 (0.13)
SCr / -0.12 (0.16) / -0.06 (0.15) / -0.16 (0.16) / 0.12 (0.15)
HRSDi / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.96 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.96 (0.04)***
Sex / — / 0.11 (0.32)
×DEPr 0.04 (0.19)
×SCr -0.33 (0.27) / — / —
Race / — / — / 0.25 (0.31)
×DEPr -0.12 (0.20)
×SCr 0.23 (0.22) / —
MED / — / — / — / -0.14 (0.36)
×DEPr -0.47 (0.34)
×SCr 0.28 (0.25)
SET / — / — / — / —
PBO / — / — / — / -0.51(0.37)
× DEPr 0.38 (0.30)
× SCr 0.17 (0.47)
Slope (Time) / -0.94 (1.02) / -1.16 (1.07) / -0.45 (1.03) / -0.60 (1.02)
×DEPr / -0.12 (0.24) / 0.06 (0.37) / -0.14 (0.41) / -0.47 (0.38)
×SCr / 0.78 (0.31)* / 0.57 (0.42) / 0.23 (0.44) / 0.24 (0.48)
×HRSDi / -0.08 (0.05) / -0.08 (0.05) / -0.10 (0.05)* / -0.10 (0.05)
× Sex / — / 0.28 (0.39)
×DEPr -0.30 (0.50)
×SCr 0.66 (0.53) / — / —
× Race / — / — / -0.39 (0.39)
×DEPr -0.11 (0.49)
×SCr 1.20 (0.46)** / —
× MED / — / — / — / -0.09 (0.47)
× DEPr 0.67 (0.50)
× SCr 0.84 (0.52)
× SET / — / — / — / —
× PBO / — / — / — / -0.04 (0.51)
× DEPr 0.12 (0.64)
× SCr 0.35 (1.14)
Random effect
Intercept / 0.07 (0.45) / 0.08 (0.46) / 0.06 (0.41) / 0.07 (0.43)
Time / 3.48 (1.10)*** / 3.41 (1.09)** / 3.17 (0.90)*** / 3.24 (1.03)**
Level-1 effect / 13.23 (1.26)*** / 13.22 (1.26)*** / 13.23 (1.25)*** / 13.20 (1.25)***
Note. HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; DEQ = Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; Residual DEQ = residuals obtained by regressing post-treatment DEQ scores on pre-treatment DEQ scores; DEPr= residual of DEQ Dependency; SCr= residual of DEQ Self-Criticism; HRSDi= initial depression severity (covariate); slope (time) = change in HRSD in units of logtransformed weeks; Sex = sex dichotomized as male (1) or female (0); Race = racial identity dichotomized as White (1) or racial minority (0); MED = medication; SET = supportive-expressive therapy (reference condition); PBO = placebo pill; values are unstandardized coefficients (standard error).
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 4.Multilevel Models Predicting Depression Symptoms (HRSD) during Treatment from Initial DEQ Neediness and Connectedness
Variable / Model 1Main effects and interaction with time / Model 2
Interaction with demographic/treatment variables
2a / 2b / 2c
Fixed effect
Intercept / 0.94 (0.78) / 0.79(0.75) / 0.70 (0.80) / 1.14 (0.79)
NEEi / -0.03 (0.25) / 0.18 (0.34) / -0.49 (0.27) / -0.21 (0.26)
CONi / -0.17 (0.18) / -0.27 (0.25) / -0.37 (0.25) / -0.16 (0.30)
HRSDi / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.98 (0.04)*** / 0.98 (0.04)***
Sex / — / 0.35 (0.41)
× NEEi -0.51 (0.48)
× CONi 0.20 (0.37) / — / —
Race / — / — / 0.03 (0.39)
× NEEi 0.93 (0.50)
× CONi 0.24 (0.38) / —
MED / — / — / — / -0.01 (0.43)
× NEEi 0.05 (0.59)
× CONi 0.39 (0.40)
SET / — / — / — / —
PBO / — / — / — / -0.94 (0.45)*
× NEEi 0.45 (0.39)
× CONi -0.54 (0.46)
Slope (Time) / -0.62 (1.08) / -1.13 (1.09) / -0.19 (1.20) / -0.15 (1.18)
× NEEi / 0.22 (0.26) / 0.43 (0.36) / 0.36 (0.33) / -0.13 (0.62)
× CONi / 0.35 (0.25) / -0.09 (0.34) / 0.50 (0.35) / 0.81 (0.46)
× HRSDi / -0.10 (0.06) / -0.09 (0.05) / -0.11 (0.06) / -0.10 (0.06)
× Sex / — / 0.87 (0.51)
× NEEi -0.40 (0.57)
× CONi 0.96 (0.49) / — / —
× Race / — / — / -0.62 (0.56)
× NEEi -0.16 (0.54)
× CONi -0.19 (0.51) / —
× MED / — / — / — / -0.83 (0.74)
× NEEi 0.63 (0.72)
× CONi -0.98 (0.58)
× SET / — / — / — / —
× PBO / — / — / — / -0.18 (0.73)
× NEEi 0.22 (0.72)
× CONi -0.36 (0.63)
Random effect
Intercept / 0.07 (0.45) / 0.07(0.41) / 0.07 (0.46) / 0.08 (0.45)
Time / 3.88 (1.11)*** / 3.65 (0.99)*** / 3.81 (1.13)*** / 3.71 (1.16)***
Level-1 effect / 13.24 (1.26)*** / 13.24 (1.25)*** / 13.19 (1.24)*** / 13.21 (1.26)***
Note. HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; DEQ = Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; NEEi = initial DEQ Neediness; CONi= initial DEQ Connectedness; HRSDi= initial depression severity (covariate); slope (time) = change in HRSD in units of logtransformed weeks; Sex = sex dichotomized as male (1) or female (0); Race = racial identity dichotomized as White (1) or racial minority (0); MED = medication; SET = supportive-expressive therapy (reference condition); PBO = placebo pill; values are unstandardized coefficients (standard error).
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 5.Multilevel Models Predicting Depression Symptoms (HRSD) during Treatment from Residual DEQ Neediness and Connectedness
Variable / Model 1Main effects and interaction with time / Model 2
Interaction with demographic/treatment variables
2a / 2b / 2c
Fixed effect
Intercept / 1.10 (0.79) / 1.11 (0.78) / 0.90 (0.79) / 1.35 (0.77)
NEEr / 0.01(0.17) / 0.02 (0.16) / 0.09 (0.15) / 0.03 (0.13)
CONr / -0.01 (0.14) / -0.03 (0.12) / 0.01 (0.15) / 0.05 (0.13)
HRSDi / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.96 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)*** / 0.97 (0.04)***
Sex / — / 0.11 (0.32)
× NEEi -0.04 (0.22)
× CONi 0.04 (0.25) / — / —
Race / — / — / 0.24 (0.31)
× NEEr -0.15 (0.20)
× CONr -0.03 (0.15) / —
MED / — / — / — / -0.10 (0.36)
× NEEr 0.09 (0.21)
× CONr -0.42 (0.19)*
SET / — / — / — / —
PBO / — / — / — / -0.48 (0.37)
× NEEr 0.07 (0.32)
× CONr 0.40 (0.35)
Slope (Time) / -1.16 (1.05) / -1.38 (1.04) / -0.83 (1.16) / -1.00 (1.05)
× NEEr / 0.59 (0.29)* / 0.63 (0.37) / 0.31 (0.39) / 0.63 (0.29)*
× CONr / -0.10 (0.27) / 0.17 (0.34) / -0.33 (0.37) / -0.55 (0.30)
× HRSDi / -0.07 (0.05) / -0.07 (0.05) / -0.08 (0.06) / -0.08 (0.05)
× Sex / — / 0.19 (0.41)
× NEEr -0.22 (0.45)
× CONr -0.73 (0.45) / — / —
× Race / — / — / -0.27 (0.42)
× NEEr 0.39 (0.52)
× CONr 0.37 (0.45) / —
× MED / — / — / — / 0.14 (0.47)
× NEEr 0.17 (0.40)
× CONr 1.10 (0.38)**
× SET / — / — / — / —
× PBO / — / — / — / 0.03 (0.52)
× NEEr -1.14 (0.66)
× CONr -0.47 (0.74)
Random effect
Intercept / 0.07 (0.48) / 0.07 (0.48) / 0.07 (0.49) / 0.08 (0.50)
Time / 3.68 (1.13)*** / 3.49 (1.10)*** / 3.63 (1.13)*** / 3.05 (1.02)**
Level-1 effect / 13.25 (1.26)*** / 13.24 (1.26)*** / 13.24 (1.25)*** / 13.19 (1.25)***
Note. HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; DEQ = Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; Residual DEQ = residuals obtained by regressing post-treatment DEQ scores on pre-treatment DEQ scores; NEEr = residual of DEQ Neediness; CONr= residual of DEQ Connectedness; HRSDi= initial depression severity (covariate); slope (time) = change in HRSD in units of logtransformed weeks; Sex = sex dichotomized as male (1) or female (0); Race = racial identity dichotomized as White (1) or racial minority (0); MED = medication; SET = supportive-expressive therapy (reference condition); PBO = placebo pill; values are unstandardized coefficients (standard error).
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.