Name: ______Date: ______
Chapter One Study Guide
What to Study:
- Definition of anatomy
- Definition of physiology
- Hierarchy starting with atoms
- Basic unit of all living things
- Negative feedback and example
- Positive feedback and example
- Dorsal body cavity divisions
- Ventral body cavity divisions
- Gluteal, lumbar, cervical, femoral, brachial, antibrachial, occipital, orbital regions
- Anatomical position
- Directional terms: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, distal, proximal, lateral, medial, digital, carpal
- Visceral vs. parietal
- Planes: coronal/frontal, sagittal, transverse
- Characteristics of life
- Homeostasis
Organ Systems: Underline the key words in each sample. Record the two systems involved.
1. Signals travel down the spinal cord to the muscles
a.
b.
2. The heart is largely made of muscle tissue
a.
b.
3. Breathing rate increases to provide the extra oxygen needed during labor
a.
b.
4. Mucus lining the respiratory passages help trap pathogens
a.
b.
5. Cells lining the nostril produce mucus that keep the nearby tissue from drying out
a.
b.
6. Rib cage expands to help move air into the lungs
a.
b.
7. Blood carries hormones throughout the body
a.
b.
8. Relaxation and contraction of skeletal muscles moves bones
a.
b.
9. Breathing rate increases during exercise to help meet the increased oxygen demand by skeletal muscles
a.
b.
10. Muscle contractions are involved in emptying the urinary bladder
a.
b.
11. Nutrients diffuse through the placenta and are carried to the embryo through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord
a.
b.
12. Muscles churn the stomach to aid in digestion
a.
b.
13. Brain stem controls heart rate
a.
b.
14. The brain stem regulates breathing.
a.
b.
Homeostasis: Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
15. Define positive feedback and give a detailed example
16. Define negative feedback.
- During lactation (milk production), the suckling by the baby stimulates the production of
oxytocin, which in turn causes contraction of smooth muscle surrounding the milk duct, causing milk to flow. The flow of milk increases the suckling by the baby and more oxytocin is produced.
A.Identify the feedback system described above.
B. What would end the feedback loop?
18. Draw and label a flow chart of a feedback system for the release of oxytocin.
19. Describe the physiological effects of working outside on a 100F day and compare that to being outside on a day that is below freezing. Outline the ways in which the body compensates for such variations.
20. Review powerpoint notes on positive/negative feedback. Remember: Negative feedback loops are the chief regulators of homeostasis under normal healthy conditions. A rise in any given value creates a reaction to lower it, until such time as it becomes too low, causing negative feedback to initiate responses to raise it again. Positive feedback loops are more rare. They involve an increasing buildup of responses that trigger the next response until they bring about a major event (child birth).