General Measures of Implementation (Arts. 4, 42 and 44, Para. 6)

Annex 1

Statistical information and data in periodic report submitted by the Republic of Maldives under article 44, paragraph 1 (b), of the Convention

General measures of implementation (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6)

Allocation of resources during the reporting period for social services in relation to total expenditures.[1]Social service expenditures are broken down into education, health, social security and community programme expenditures. All figures below in million Rufiyaa (MVR).

Table 1: Social services expenditures in relation to total expenditures in million Rufiyaa (MVR)
Year / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 / 2011
Total expenditures / 8,235.40 / 10,342.40 / 10,950.30 / 11,154.1 / 10,196.1
Total social services expenditure / 4,444.10 / 5,122.80 / 4,865.80 / 5,067.00 / 5,117.20
Education / 1,313.80 / 1,630.50 / 2,066.50 / 1700.4 / 1739.7
Health / 782.2 / 1,326.40 / 845.2 / 920.5 / 949.6
Social security and welfare / 235.5 / 640.6 / 772.9 / 1210.4 / 1116.1
Community programmes / 2,112.60 / 1,525.30 / 1,181.20 / 1235.7 / 1311.8

Table 2: Social services expenditures as a percentage of total expenditures
Year / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 / 2011
Total expenditures / 8,235.40 / 10,342.40 / 10,950.30 / 11154.1 / 10196.1
Total social services expenditure / 4,444.10 / 5,122.80 / 4,865.80 / 5,067.00 / 5,117.20
Social service % of total expenditure / 54.0% / 49.5% / 44.4% / 45.4% / 50.2%

Resource allocation to the Human Rights Commission of Maldives for monitoring

Table 2(a) Resource allocation to the Human Rights Commission
Year / State Allocation (MVR) / External Assistance / Total
2007
2008 / 13,257,673 / 559,725 / 13,817,398
2009 / 13,891,265 / 553,801 / 14,445,063
2010 / 15,610,605 / 620,506 / 16,230,811
2011

States parties should provide statistical data on training provided on the Convention for professionals working with and for children, including, but notlimited to:

(a)Judicial personnel, including judges and magistrates;

(b)Law enforcement personnel;

(c)Teachers;

(d)Health-care personnel;

(e)Social workers.

Trainings have been provided to all the above-mentioned categories of professionals, but comprehensive records and statistics have not been kept. For some of these professional categories, training on the Convention is continuous, as is the case for social workers and the police.

B. Definition of the child (art. 1)

Data on the number and proportion of children under 18 living in the State party and the number of married children, disaggregated by age and other relevant criteria (urban/rural, ethnicity, minority, indigenous).[2]

Table 3: 2006 census data on number of children
Age / Both sexes / Male / Female
1 year / 5,462 / 2,777 / 2,685
1 - 4 / 20,709 / 10,585 / 10,124
5 / 5,514 / 2,849 / 2,665
6 - 9 / 24,353 / 12,503 / 11,850
10 - 14 / 36,999 / 19,111 / 17,888
15 - 19 / 39,904 / 20,155 / 19,749
Table 4: Demographic Health Survey 2009 data on % urban/rural children
Urban / Rural / Total
Age / Male / Female / Total / Male / Female / Total / Male / Female / Total
<5 / 9.7 / 9.1 / 9.4 / 11.8 / 10.2 / 11.0 / 11.1 / 9.8 / 10.5
5-9 / 7.8 / 6.7 / 7.3 / 11.0 / 9.6 / 10.2 / 10.0 / 8.6 / 9.3
10-14 / 8.6 / 9.0 / 8.8 / 14.2 / 11.4 / 12.7 / 12.4 / 10.6 / 11.4
15-19 / 14.1 / 13.8 / 13.9 / 12.3 / 12.0 / 12.2 / 12.9 / 12.6 / 12.7

C. General principles (arts. 2, 3, 6 and 12)

1. Right to life, survival and development (art. 6)

Number of children (under 18) who have died:

(a) As a result of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: None

(b)As a result of capital punishment: None

(c)Due to illnesses, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, hepatitis andacute respiratory infections:

(d)As a result of traffic or other accidents: No data available

(e)As the result of crime and other forms of violence: No data available

(f)Due to suicide: No data available

2. Respect for the views of the child (art. 12)

Data on the number of:

(a)Child and youth organizationsorassociations and the number of members that they represent:No data available

(b)Schools with independent studentcouncils:No data available

(c)Children who have been heard under judicial and administrative proceedings, including information on their age:No data available

D. Civil rights and freedoms (arts. 7, 8, 13-17, 28, para. 2, 37 (a) and 39)

1. Birth registration (art. 7)

Information on the number and percentage of children whoareregisteredafter birth, and when such registration takes place.

The 2009 Demographic Health Survey revealed that overall, 93 percent of children were registered, 89 percent had a birth certificate, and 3 percent wereregistered but did not have a birth certificate. Coverage of registration does not vary greatly acrossmost background characteristics, as shown in Table 5 below. For instance, coverage varies between 86percent in the South region and 97 percent in the North region. Neither does wealth seem to have any major effect on rates of birth registration

Table 5: Percentage of de jure children under 5 years of age whose births are registered with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics (2009)[3]
Background characteristic / Had a birth certificate (%) / Did not have a birth certificate / Total % registered / Number of children
Age
<2 / 86.3 / 5.4 / 91.7 / 1,923
2-4 / 91.8 / 1.3 / 93.2 / 2,269
Sex
Male / 89.8 / 3.0 / 92.8 / 2,112
Female / 88.8 / 3.4 / 92.3 / 2,077
Residence
Urban / 90.4 / 2.2 / 92.6 / 1,233
Rural / 88.8 / 3.6 / 92.4 / 2,960
Region
Malé / 90.4 / 2.2 / 92.6 / 1,233
North / 94.2 / 2.8 / 96.9 / 672
North Central / 92.9 / 2.4 / 95.3 / 639
Central / 87.3 / 4.5 / 91.8 / 401
South Central / 90.5 / 2.8 / 93.3 / 492
South / 80.3 / 5.5 / 85.7 / 756
Wealth quintile
Lowest / 87.7 / 4.2 / 91.9 / 795
Second / 89.6 / 3.9 / 93.5 / 888
Middle / 90.4 / 3.0 / 93.5 / 893
Fourth / 87.0 / 2.6 / 89.6 / 846
Highest / 91.7 / 2.2 / 93.8 / 770
Total / 89.3 / 3.2 / 92.5 / 4,192

2. Access to appropriate information (art. 17)

The report should contain statistics on the number of libraries accessible to children,including mobile libraries, and the number of schools equipped with information technologies.Data not available.

3. The right not to be subjected to torture or other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (arts. 37 (a) and 28, para. 2))

States parties should provide data, disaggregated as described in paragraph 1 above andby type of violation, on:

(a)The number of children reported as victims of torture: None

(b)The number of children reported as victims of other cruel, inhuman or degradingtreatment or other forms of punishment, including forced marriage and female genitalmutilation:Data not available.

(c) The number of incidences of corporal punishment in all settings (childcare facilities, schools, family and foster family and institutions and other places attended by children), and the number of incidents of mobbing and bullying:

Table 6: Punishments of children[4]
Proportion of children who have been neither physically nor emotionally punished: / 53%
Proportion of children who have undergone at least one or both kinds of punishment: / 47%
Proportion of children who have been hit by a caregiver: / 30%
Proportion of children who have been hit with an object: / 21%

Overall in Maldives, 37.7% of students were bullied on one or more days during the past 30 days. Male students (41.2%) and female students (34.2%) are equally likely to be bullied on one or more days. Among students who were bullied during the past 30 days, 14.0% were bullied most often by being hit, kicked, pushed, shoved around, or locked indoors. Male students (17.8%) are significantly more likely than female students (8.8%) to be bullied most often by being hit, kicked, pushed, shoved around, or locked indoors.[5]

(d)The number and percentage of reported violations under (a), (b) and (c) above which have resulted in either a court decision or other types of follow-up:

Table 7: Cases of abuse report to the Protection Services
Year / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 / 2011
Physical abuse / 12 / 22 / 22 / 111 / 52
Emotional abuse / 1 / 5 / 1 / 45 / 15
Neglect / 12 / 24 / 16 / 126 / 51

(e)The number and percentage of children who received special care in terms of recovery and social reintegration: The Family Protection Unit had 620 patients between 2005 and 2009. Out of that number, 378 or about 61% were children. All cases reported to Protection Services, which entail children in need of care, are provide with counselling and other appropriate psychosocial care.

(f)The number of programmes implemented for the prevention of institutional violence and the amount of training provided to staff of institutions on this issue: No data available

Family environment and alternative care (arts. 5, 9-11, 18 (paras. 1 and 2), 19-21, 25, 27 (para. 4) and 39)

Family support (arts. 5 and 18, paras. 1 and 2)

Data on:

(a)The number of services and programmes aimed at rendering appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and the number and percentage of children and families that benefit from these services and programmes:

Table 8 / Health Insurance / Support for Single Parents / Support for Foster Parents / Essential Assistance / Welfare
Location / Total / Madhana / Madhana Plus / Parents / Children / Parents / Children / Previous / Current / Welfare Assist.
Republic / 68,771 / 58,660 / 3,079 / 1,567 / 2,959 / 37 / 53 / 661 / 461 / 1,294
Male' / 15,275 / 12,236 / 862 / 625 / 1,168 / 15 / 22 / 23 / 23 / 301
Atolls / 53,496 / 46,424 / 2,217 / 942 / 1,791 / 22 / 31 / 638 / 438 / 993

(b)The number of available childcare services and facilities and the percentage of children and families that have access to these services:

There are 5 privately operated day care centres in Malé, with space for between 10 and 30 children each. It is not known if there are similar services offered elsewhere in the country. Traditionally children were taken care of by the extended family and grandparents when the parents have been busy. However, due to rapid urbanisation and changing family structure, the need for western style day care facilities has risen sharply. This is also an important gender consideration as it is typically the mother’s opportunities to work that are curtailed if there is no appropriate place for the children to be while she is working.

2. Children without parental care (arts. 9 (paras. 1-4), 21 and 25)

(a)The number of children without parental care disaggregated by causes (i.e. due to armed conflict, poverty, abandonment as a result of discrimination, etc.):

Table 8: Children without parental care (July 15, 2012)
Institution / Total / Boys / Girls / Cause
Education and Training Centre for Children (ETCC) / 37 / 37 / 0
KudakudhingeHiya / 56 / 25 / 31 / (1) Abuse, (2) caregivers detained, (3) abandonment*
Correctional Training Centre for Children(CTCC)** / 27 / 27 / 0 / Repeat juvenile offenders
Children in foster families / 9

* In order of how common the causes are; abuse is the most common cause.

** January 29, 2012

(b)The number of children separated from their parents as a result of court decisions (inter alia, in relation to situations of parental abuse or neglect, detention, imprisonment, labour migration, exile or deportation):

(c)The number of institutions for these children disaggregated by region, the number of places available in these institutions, the ratio of caregivers to children and the number of foster homes:

(d)The number and percentage of children separated from their parents who are living in institutions or with foster families as well as the duration of placement and frequency of its review:

(e)The number and percentage of children reunited with their parents after a placement:

Table 10: Children coming into and leaving state custody
Year / No. of children taken into state custody / No. of children handed back to caregivers / No. children fostered
2007 / 23 / 15 / 1
2008 / 17 / 12 / 1
2009 / 22 / 9 / 3
2010 / 18 / 11 / 1
2011 / 22 / 23 / 3

(f)The number of children in domestic, intercountry and kafala adoption programmes disaggregated by age and, where relevant, with information on the country of origin and of adoption for the children concerned:

In 2009, six percent of children in Maldives were not living with a biological parent. The percentage of children who was not living with a biological parent increases with age, from about 1 percent among children aged 0-4 years to 15 percent among children aged 15-17. There are urban-rural differences; 11 percent of urban children under age 18 do not live with a biological parent compared with 4 percent of rural children. Children in Malé (11 percent) and in the Southern region (5 percent) more often live in households with no biological parent than in other regions.[6]

Family reunification (art. 10)

Data disaggregated by gender, age, and national and ethnic origin on the number of children who entered or left the country for the purpose of family reunification, including the number of unaccompanied refugee and asylum-seeking children:

Illicit transfer and non-return (art. 11)

(a)The number of children abducted from and to the State party: No data available

(b)The number of perpetrators arrested and the percentage of those that were sanctioned in (criminal) courts: No data available

Abuse and neglect (art. 19), including physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration (art. 39)

(a)The number and percentage of children reported as victims of abuse and/or neglect by parents or other relatives/caregivers:

Table 11: Abuse and neglect of children
Case type/Year / 2009 / 2010[7] / 2011[8]
Sexual Abuse / 284 / 240 / 123
Physical Abuse / 193 / 11 / 51
Emotional Abuse / 45 / 17
Neglect / 114 / 126 / 111

(b)The number and percentage of those cases reported that resulted in sanctions or other forms of follow-up for perpetrators: Follow up in all the cases above. Data on legal sanctions not available, but the number of prosecuted perpetrators remains relatively now. The Special Measures legislation (referred to in the narrative) is designed to improve the rate of prosecution for sexual abuse.

(c)The number and percentage of children who received special care in terms of recovery and social reintegration.

F. Disability, basic health and welfare (arts. 6, 18 (para. 3), 23, 24, 26, 27 (paras. 1-) and 33)

1. Children with disabilities (art. 23)

14. States parties should specify the number and percentage of children with disabilities, disaggregated as described in paragraph 1 above and by the nature of their disability:

(a)Whose parents receive special material, psychosocial or other assistance;

(b)Who are living in institutions, including institutions for children with mental disabilities, or outside their families, such as in foster care;

(c)Who are attending regular schools;

(d)Who are attending special schools;

(e)Who are not attending schools or comparable facilities.

Estimates are that there are about 2,250 children with disabilities in the Maldives (EDC 2009). However, only 230 children with disabilities were enrolled in schools in 2009. Of the children enrolled in schools,127 were attending schools in Male’ while 103 were enrolled in schools in Atolls.

2. Health and health services (art. 24)

(a)The rates of infant and under-five child mortality:

The trend in early childhood mortality in the mid-1990s and later, can be examined by looking at changes in the mortality rates over the three successive five-year periods prior to the DH survey in 2009. The results indicate that mortality among young children has declined significantly in the 15years prior to the survey, and that decline has occurred much faster in the five years leading up to 2009. Forexample, under-5 mortality in 2000-2004 was 14 percent lower than in 1995-1999, while the rate inthe 2005-2009 period (17 deaths per 1,000) is less than half the level estimated for the 2000-2004period (38 deaths per 1,000).[9]

Table 11: Infant mortality rates
Age (in days) and Sex / 2003 / 2004 / 2005 / 2006 / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010
Both Sexes / 72 / 76 / 67 / 92 / 66 / 76 / 81 / 78
Less than 7 days / 44 / 47 / 40 / 51 / 41 / 41 / 51 / 44
7 - 27 days / 5 / 5 / 6 / 16 / 6 / 15 / 8 / 14
28 - 364 / 23 / 24 / 21 / 25 / 19 / 20 / 22 / 20
Male / 41 / 42 / 32 / 54 / 47 / 38 / 42 / 45
Less than 7 days / 25 / 26 / 19 / 33 / 26 / 22 / 25 / 25
7 - 27 / 3 / 4 / 4 / 7 / 5 / 6 / 4 / 9
28 - 364 / 13 / 12 / 9 / 14 / 16 / 10 / 13 / 11
Female / 31 / 34 / 35 / 38 / 19 / 38 / 39 / 33
Less than 7 days / 19 / 21 / 21 / 18 / 15 / 19 / 26 / 19
7 - 27 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 9 / 1 / 9 / 4 / 5
28 - 364 / 10 / 12 / 12 / 11 / 3 / 10 / 9 / 9
Table 12: Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)– deaths between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births
Under-5 mortality rate, 1970 / 266
Under-5 mortality rate, 1990 / 102
Under-5 mortality rate, 2000 / 47
Under-5 mortality rate, 2010 / 15
Reduction since 1990(%)- Percentage reduction in U5MR from 1990 to 2002. The United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000 established a goal of a two-thirds (67%) reduction in U5MR from 1990 to 2015. Hence this indicator provides a current assessment of progress towards this goal.
Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1970-1990 / 4.8
Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1990-2000 / 7.7
Average annual rate of reduction (%), 2000-2010 / 11.4
Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1990-2010 / 9.6
Reduction since 1990 (%) / 85
Reduction since 2000 (%) / 68

(b) Proportion of infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (2006-2010*): 22%

(c) The proportion of children with moderate and severe underweight, wasting and stunting;

Table 13: Underweight, wasting and stunting[10]
Proportion of under-fives (2006-2010) suffering from: underweight, moderate & severe / 17
Proportion of under-fives (2006-2010*) suffering from: underweight, severe / 3
Proportion of under-fives (2006-2010*) suffering from: wasting, moderate & severe / 11
Proportion of under-fives (2006-2010*) suffering from: stunting, moderate & severe / 19

(d)The rate of child mortality due to suicide: No data available

(e)The percentage of households without access to hygienic sanitation facilities and access to safe drinking water;

Table 14: Access to improved drinking water and sanitation (2008)[11]
Urban / Rural / Total
Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources / 99% / 86% / 91%
Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities / 100% / 96% / 98%

(f)The percentage of one-year-olds fully immunized for tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and measles;

According to the World Health Organisation, a child is considered fully vaccinated if he orshe has received a BCG vaccination against tuberculosis; three doses of DPT vaccine to preventdiphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); at least three doses of polio vaccine; and one dose of measlesvaccine. These vaccinations should be received during the first year of life. Maldives achieveduniversal immunization status in 1989, and to maintain these high rates, the Ministry of Education hasmade immunization an essential requirement for entry into government schools

Table 15: Immunization rates[12]
1-year-old children immunized against:
tuberculosis corresponding vaccines: BCG / 99.2%
DPT corresponding vaccines: DPT1 / 98.7%
DPT corresponding vaccines: DPT2 / 98.3%
DPT corresponding vaccines: DPT3 / 96.2%
Polio corresponding vaccines: polio at birth / 99.0%
Polio corresponding vaccines: polio1 / 98.6%
Polio corresponding vaccines: polio2 / 98.4%
Polio corresponding vaccines: polio3 / 95.4%
Measles corresponding vaccines: measles / 91.3%
Newborns protected against tetanus / 95%

Despite the high immunization coverage, improvements in vaccination coverage continued to take place over the five years leading up to 2010. The percentage of children who received all basicvaccinations by 12 months of age increased from 83 percent among children age 48-59 months to89 percent among children age 12-23 months.

(g)The rates of maternal mortality, including its main causes;

Table 16: Maternal mortality[13]
Maternal mortality ratio† , 2006-2010*, reported / 140
Maternal mortality ratio† , 2008, adjusted / 37
Lifetime risk of maternal death: 1 in: / 1200

(h)The proportion of pregnant women who have access to, and benefit from, prenatal and post-natal health care:

Almost all women (99 percent) received antenatal care from a skilled provider. Most women saw a gynaecologist(92 percent) for antenatal care, while 7 percent of the remaining women report that they received carefrom a doctor other than a gynaecologist, and less than 1 percent report that they received care from atrained nurse or midwife, a community health worker, or a traditional birth attendant.There is little variation by background characteristics in the percentage receiving antenatalcare from a skilled provider (gynaecologist, doctor, nurse, midwife, and community/family healthworker). However, antenatal care received from a gynaecologist is less common among mothers whoare age 35-49 at the birth of the child. It is more common among mothers with a first-order birth,those residing in urban areas, those with more than secondary education, and those belonging to thehighest wealth quintile.

(i)The proportion of children born in hospitals:

The majority of births (95 percent) in the five years preceding the survey were delivered in ahealth facility; 85 percent were delivered in a public facility, and 10 percent were delivered in aprivate health facility. By age, women 20-34 most often deliver in a health facility (96 percent).Women having their first baby have higher rates of delivering in a health facility than other women;the proportion of births occurring in a health facility decreases as birth order increases. Women inurban areas are more likely than rural women to deliver in a health facility (98 percent compared with94 percent). Across regions, Malé and the South Central region have the highest proportion ofinstitutional deliveries (98 percent), while the North Central region has the lowest (90 percent).