Unit 9 Review Questions
Developmental Psychology Unit
Answer the following in your own words, in complete sentences, on a separate sheet of paper.
(If I wanted to know how the book/internet phrased it, I would just look there instead of ask you. The internet doesn’t get a grade for AP Psychology)
- Explain how each of the key themes is related to the study of development. (Nature vs. Nurture, Continuity vs. Stages [Discontinuity], Stability vs. Change)
- Define and explain the relationship between DNA, genes, chromosomes, and the genome.
- Give a brief description of each of the following genetic abnormalities: Tay-Sachs Syndrome, Albinism, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Huntington’s Disease, Color-Blindness.
- Give a brief description of each of the chromosomal abnormalities, including the specific chromosome affected and whether an addition or deletion led to the disorder. (Turner’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Down Syndrome)
- Define heritability, and explain what could be concluded if someone were to say that the heritability estimate of intelligence for a group of people is 50%.
- Explain the difference between identical/monozygotic twins and fraternal/dizygotic twins?
- Explain how both twin studies and adoption studies can assess the relative impact of nature and nurture in development.
- Explain how various research methods can be used to see the impact of development (Longitudinal Study, Cross-Sectional Study, Cohort-Sequential Study, Retrospective Study).
- Explain the effects of teratogens at different stages of prenatal development. (Zygote, Embryo, Fetus)
- How can culture influence someone’s development?
- Describe the newborn reflexes. (Rooting Reflex, Sucking Reflex, Swallowing Reflex, Palmar [Grasping] Reflex, Moro reflex, Babinski Reflex)
- How are habituation, maturation, and motor development all related to early childhood brain development?
- What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? Give one example of each for both males and females.
- How does the process of aging affect people?
- Describe each of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. What is the appropriate age range and important milestones for each stage?
- How did Vygotsky expand on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
- What are the three levels of moral development according to Kohlberg? What are criticisms of this theory?
- What is temperament? Describe the three temperament styles exhibited in infants.
- Describe the studies of attachment done by Bowlby, Harlow, and Ainsworth.
- Describe Baumrind’s four different parenting styles, making sure to discuss where each would be on the continuums of warmth/responsiveness and demandingness/controllingness.
- Identify Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development making sure to include the theme and conflict for each stage.
- How did Marcia add on to Erikson’s identity vs. role confusion stage with his statuses of identity achievement? (Crisis vs. Commitment, Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement)
- How are the imaginary audience/spotlight effect and personal fable demonstrated during adolescence?
- Describe in order each of Kübler-Ross’ stages of grieving.
- Explain the difference between gender and sex and how people go through the process of gender-typing.
Unit 10 Review Questions
Personality Unit
Answer the following in your own words, in complete sentences, on a separate sheet of paper.
(If I wanted to know how the book/internet phrased it, I would just look there instead of ask you. The internet doesn’t get a grade for AP Psychology)
- Describe Freud’s ideas on the structure of the mind (id, ego, superego) and its levels of consciousness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious [subconscious]).
- Describe Freud’s stages of psychosexual development, including the age, erogenous zone, set of conflicts, and potential fixation for each stage. (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
- Describe the process of vision, starting with a wave of light entering the eye and finishing with perception of a visual stimulus. (Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Accommodation, Retina, Rods, Cones, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, Fovea, Optic Disk, Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, Visual Cortex)
- Beth has recently started to develop unacceptable and troubling romantic feelings about her best friend’s boyfriend. Explain how she might use each of the defense mechanisms to cope with the anxiety of this situation. (repression, denial, suppression, reaction formation, displacement, projection, regression, intellectualization, rationalization, sublimation)
- What do the psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories of personality have in common? How are they different?
- Give a brief overview of the personality theories devised by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney.
- What is terror-management theory?
- What do the humanistic theories of personality have in common? Describe how Carl Rogers’ theory is different from Abraham Maslow’s theory, including each person’s ultimate goal in life as well as how they get there.
- Why is factor analysis a crucial part of the trait theories of personality? Which traits did each of the trait theorists use to describe human personality? (Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Raymond Cattell, McCrae & Costa [Big 5])
- How are the trait theories of personality different from all the others? What are some criticisms of these theories?
- Describe the cognitive and social cognitive theories from each of the psychologists. (George Kelly, Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel, Martin Seligman.
- How would B.F. Skinner try to explain someone’s personality development?
- Describe how Galen’s theory of personality was related to four humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm). (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments)
- What was Franz Gall’s phrenology?
- Describe William Sheldon’s somatotypes (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) and the corresponding personality types (viscerotonia, somatotonia, cerebrotonia).
- What are the scientifically supported correlations between personality and biology?
- Describe the different methods used to assess personality.
- What is the difference between personality inventories and projective tests? Which psychologists are most likely to use each one? What are examples of each type of test? (NEO-PI-R, MMPI-2, MBTI, 16PF, Rorschach Inkblot Test, TAT)
- What does it mean that items for some self-report tests are empirically-derived?
Unit 11 Review Questions
Intelligence & Assessment Unit
Answer the following in your own words, in complete sentences, on a separate sheet of paper.
(If I wanted to know how the book/internet phrased it, I would just look there instead of ask you. The internet doesn’t get a grade for AP Psychology)
1. Describe Spearman’s theory of a general intelligence (g) and how he used factor analysis to provide evidence for this theory.
2. Describe Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and explain how Gardner would explain individuals with savant syndrome. Give a brief explanation of each type of intelligence. [linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic]
3. Describe Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, explaining each type of intelligence included. [analytical, creative, practical]
4. Explain how social intelligence and emotional intelligence are necessary in everyday life.
5. Explain the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence in terms of abilities involved and how affected by age.
6. Describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence.
7. Explain the extent to which brain anatomy and neural processing speed are related to intelligence.
8. Explain why intelligence tests were created and how they have evolved into what they are today, including the scales themselves and their creators. [Binet, Mental Age, Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, Terman, Stern, Stanford-Binet, Wechsler, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale]
9. Explain why the standardization of intelligence assessments is necessary and how the Flynn Effect has made it necessary to continually restandardize tests.
10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using group tests over individual tests.
11. Explain how achievement tests are different from aptitude tests.
12. Explain how speed tests are different from power tests.
13. Describe reliability and validity and discuss the relationship between them.
14. Explain how each of the different forms of reliability can be used to evaluate an assessment. [test-retest reliability, equivalent-form reliability, split-half reliability, interrater reliability]
15. Explain how each of the different forms of validity can be used to evaluate an assessment. [face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, construct validity]
16. Discuss the stability of intelligence scores across the life span.
17. Describe the traits of those who are at the low and high extremes of intelligence.
18. Discuss what scientific studies reveal about the hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence.
19. How and why might racial groups differ in scores of mental ability?
20. How and why might the different genders differ in scores of mental ability?
21. In what ways can assessments of intelligence become biased? How is stereotype threat related to this?
22. When one makes the error of reification regarding intelligence, what mistake is being made?
Unit 12 & 13 Review Questions
Abnormal Psychology Unit
Answer the following in your own words, in complete sentences, on a separate sheet of paper.
(If I wanted to know how the book/internet phrased it, I would just look there instead of ask you. The internet doesn’t get a grade for AP Psychology)
1. Describe the characteristics of behavior that must be present for it to qualify as a psychological disorder.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the DSM-IV-TR to diagnose people with disorders?
3. What is the difference between sanity and insanity?
4. Describe what information can be found on each of the five axes of the DSM’s multiaxial system of diagnosis?
5. Describe how each specific psychopathological approach and psychological perspective explains the development of psychological disorders. [Medical Model, Biopsychosocial Model, Diathesis-Stress Model, Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective, Humanistic Perspective, Behavioral Perspective, Cognitive Perspective, Sociocultural Perspective, Biological Perspective, Evolutionary Perspective, Behavior Genetics Perspective]
6. What do the anxiety disorders have in common? Describe the symptoms of the anxiety disorders that would be helpful in differentiating them. [Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Phobia, Specific Phobia, Agoraphobia, Panic Disorder]
7. What do the mood/affect disorders have in common? Describe the symptoms of the anxiety disorders that would be helpful in differentiating them. [Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Seasonal Affect Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder]
8. What do the dissociative disorders have in common? Describe the symptoms of the anxiety disorders that would be helpful in differentiating them. [Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Depersonalization, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)]
9. What do the somatoform disorders have in common? Describe the symptoms of the anxiety disorders that would be helpful in differentiating them. [Somatization Disorder, Pain Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Body Dysmorphic Disorder]
10. What do the personality disorders have in common? Describe the symptoms of the anxiety disorders that would be helpful in differentiating them. [Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder]
11. What are the symptoms of factitious disorder?
12. What are the differences between positive symptoms and negative symptoms? What are examples of each?
13. What is the difference between hallucinations and delusions? Describe the different types of delusions. [grandeur, persecution, reference, influence, sin/guilt]
14. What are the differences between the acute and chronic onset patterns of schizophrenia? What are the prominent symptoms of each subtype of schizophrenia? [Catatonic, Paranoid, Disorganized, Undifferentiated, Residual]
15. Discuss the various potential causes of schizophrenia.
16. Give a brief history of the treatment of psychological disorders. [Trephination, Philippe Pinel, Dorothea Dix, Deinstitutionalization]
17. How do psychologists use primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of prevention to deal with psychological disorders?
18. What is the goal of psychoanalysis, and what are the components of it? [hypnosis, free association, dream analysis, resistance, interpretation, transference]
19. What is the goal of client-centered therapy, and how does it differ from psychoanalysis?
20. Explain how classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning can be used to treat disorders.
21. What is the purpose of cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy?
22. How can group therapy be more helpful than individual therapies for some people?
23. What are the different types of medications that can be used to treat psychological disorders? What affect do they have on people physiologically?
24. How can brain stimulation be used to treat psychological disorders? What are the potential side effects?
25. What is psychosurgery and what disorders can it be used to treat?
26. What forms of alternative therapy can be used to treat psychological disorders?