World History AP Fall Semester Review

World History AP Fall Semester Review

Page 91

1- IIIA Eboni Williams

2- B Frances Apolinar: Neolithic Revolution (Outline)
• 8000 B.C.E - 3000 B.C.E groups move from nomadic life to agricultural life
• Agricultural Revolution/ New Stone (AKA)
• Not fully civilization quite yet
B/c of this people could stay in the same place..
-Cultivation of plants
-Domestication of animals
-Use of simple tools
Staying in the same place brought unity, w/ this came
-Culture
-Tradition
• Ownership of property

3-Contrast- Samadhi Silva

4-Surplus- Jose Ortiz

5- Civilization- Jose M:

Specialization of labor is key.
If all the people have to farm to get food, the civilization won’t develop.
If only a few people farm, other people in the community are free to built, invent, create tools, art, and institutions.

6-Environment- Lesley Gomez

7- Metal- Kaylin Scott: • new technology in Neolithic Era would have attracted many investors
• at this time in history, stones were made into farming tools (hoes & plows)
• pottery was shaped into dishes & utensils for the kitchen
• weavings were invented to make baskets, nets, & for more comfortable clothing
• later in this time, wheels were invented to place on carts & also sails for boats
• use of metals were very important as well
• this advanced development of not only tools, but also weapons
• figured out how to combine copper & tin to make harder metal
• bronze was made
• later known as the Bronze Age
• bronze was later superseded by the discovery of tin

8-rivers- Verna Jackson: The Big,Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliever

-Most early civilizations werelocated in river valleys

-Rivergave them water

Great kand for farming

-Plenty of animals around and in the river

-Plenty of plants around

-River provided transportations

-Large land area and a large population

-Organized culture

-Civilation:social, polital, and economical

-Not all cicvilations wereheaded by central authority

-Some civilizations were composed by loose city-states

-Major early civilization developed & became dominated 3000 to 2000 B.C.E.

-Mostly located is Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, & China

9-Mesopotamia- Carmen Salazar:

Mesopotamia - “land between the rivers” (Tigris & Euphrates)
Ancient civilizations - Sumer, Babylon, & Persia
Mesopotamia, part of arable land known as Fertile Crescent
They learned to build canals, dikes, towns farther uphill, enabling large city-states to emerge
3000 B.C.E. Ur, Erech, & Kish major city-states of the first major civilization of Sumer
Sumerian civilization - southern part of Mesopotamia
Successful agriculture & river management
Developed a form of writing - Cuneiform
Used to set down laws, treaties, & important social religious customs
Trade enhanced by the wheel, reduced time to transport goods & people
Developed a (12 month) calendar & math system
Used geometry to survey the land & develop architectural enhancements
Polytheistic - more than 1 God
Ziggurats - temples like pyramids to appease their Gods
Many invasions
1700 B.C.E. civilization overthrown
Conquerors adopted Sumerian traditions & technologies

10-Meso B- Michael Sanchez: • Akkad rose to dominate.
• The Akkadians developed the first known code of laws.
• Akkad was then over run by Babylon.
• King Hammurabi developed the Code of Hammurabi.
• Babylon quickly fell due to the invasions of the kassites and the hittites
• The Hittites learned how to use iron and that enable them to establish a capital at Nineveh.
• The Assyrians were then defeated by the Medes an Chaldeans.
• A new civilization the Persian Empire developed into a major world force

11-CCOT –Pedro Rangel: -a lot of civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia in the centuries of the Sumerian and Persian Empire.
-most of the time conquering civilizations adopted and adapted the customs and of those defeated.

12-Persian- Chelsea Valles

13-Egypt- Jacobi Hill: Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River.

The soul was rich and the agricultural opportunities were plentiful.

Most Egyptians lived in small towns.

Nile floods at predictable time of the year and in relatively predictable stages.This made it possible for the ancient Egyptians to follow a very stable agricultural cycle and compile substantial food surpluses.

As various dynasties rose to and fell from power, ancient Egypt was reorganized into different kingdoms.

3 major kingdoms in ancient Egypt-Old,Middle,New.

By 1400 B.C.E, it stretched from the upper Nile River Valley,through the eastern Mediterranean regions of Palestine and part of present day Turkey.
Even before the old kingdom, the entire rivet valley was united under King Menes.

He built his capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage the flood waters and build drainage & irrigation systems.

Pharaohs directed construction of the obelisks and the pyramids.

Egyptians were very interested in astronomy, which led to their creation if a fairly reliable calendar.

He civilization became dependent on trade because of the needed supply of timber, stone, gold, and spices.

It also brought them in contact with other civilizations.

Egyptians were polytheistic; focused on life after death-the afterlife.

They believed they could take earthly belongings with them to the afterlife and could also use their bodies(which led to mummification).

14-Eg Women- Est Posada:

Egyptian Women, Hear Them Roar, social structure, and ancient Egypt in decline
Queen Hatshepsut is the first known female queen of Egypt.
She was ruler of the New Kingdom.
She ruled for 22 years and also changed the social status of women in Egyptian society.
She also expanded Egyptian trade expeditions.
She allowed women to have more rights and opportunities like buy and sell property, inherit property, and choose to will their property, and dissolve their marriages.
Egyptian social structure: another pyramid
Pyramid levels: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants/skilled artisans/physicians; at the bottom and also the largest group is the: peasants.
The pharaoh owns all of the land in the kingdom.
Also accompanying the peasants were the slaves who were mostly prisoners of war, but usually they were not much worse off than many of the peasants.
Ancient Egypt in decline
Around 1100 B.C.E. and for maybe the next thousand years, ancient Egypt fell into decline.
Due to the decline both Assyrian and Persian Empire conquered Egypt.
Later the Greeks settled in Egypt and eventually the romans completely took over Egypt into their empire.

15- CC decline- Jenn Soto

16-IRV- Lorenzo

17-China 1- Samantha Silva

Early China: Shang on the Hwang

rose in the Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River Valley)
1600-1100 B.C.E
stable agricultural surplus
controlled large parts of northern China
military was powerful
warriors used chariots to defeat enemies
Shang was very isolated which was called, "All Under Heaven"
considered themselves superior
accomplished bronze workers
developed the spoked wheel
production of pottery and silk
accurate calendar
patriarchal structure(led by older male)
God controlled all aspects of peoples' life
In 1100B.C.E, Shang was thrown out by Wu Wang (established Zhou Dynasty)
Zhou ruled China for nearly 900 years
Zhou Dynasty believed in Mandate of Heaven (heaven would grant Zhou power only if the rulers governed justly and wisely)
Zhou developed a feudal system in China
King ruled empire but it was too big to manage so they had nobles have power over smaller places
developed bureaucracies (organizing government)
End of Zhou Dynasty, 256 B.C.E

18-W Africa- Chaniquah S: West Africa: Bantu Migrationsand the “Stateless Society” 18

Unorganized society, individual communities, not centralized
Jenne-jene , 1 of their cities in sub-Saharan Africa
Their migrations began around 1500 b.c.e.
Cause: Sahara Desert people came to their land  then they moved to nomadic areas in central Africa then they moved to the east & south
With their migration they brought along bantu language & their knowledge o f agriculture

19- Migrations- Rocio G

: Migration

I.Why do people migrate?

To find food
Find a hospitable environment in which to live.
To avoid natural disasters or climatic changes that change the environment
Over population of a particular area can decrease the food supply, forcing many people to move elsewhere.

II.Nomadic & Agricultural People

Nomadic people moved from place to place with the seasons to follow food sources.
Agricultural people migrated following the seasons and finding agricultural cycles.

III.Nineteenth Century Migration

A mix of politics caused people from Ireland to migrate.
Destructive farming methods
Unpleasant fungus wiped out the main source of food.

IV.A. Some examples of migration from the late nineteenth century and early

centuries are

Jewish Diaspora
Slave Trade
Wave of immigrants from Europe to America.

20- exceptions- Wendy Cadena

21- CC- Armando Olvera

22- Meso- mellissa Alvarez

23 India- Kennesha Williams: -alexander the great took over persian empire aroud 330 B.C.E

-Around 321 B.C.E the Mauryan Empire was found by Chandragupa Maurya

-Chandragupya brought together smaller aryan kingdoms into a civilization

-Mauryn Empire became powerful & wealthy through trade & it's military

-Ashoka Maurya took the empire to its greatest height

-Indian traded to mesopotamia & the roman empire

-the military strength caused the dramatic change in the empire

-Ashoka converted to Buddhism ,for the rest of the reigon he preached non violence & moderation

-ashoka was know for rock & pillar edicts that reminded mauryans to live generous & righteous lives

-buddhism spreaded beyond India into many parts of southeast Asia

-after the death of ashoka the empire decline rapidly due to economic problems & pressure attacks in the northeast

-between 375 & 415 c.e the mauryan empire experienced a revival under Chandra Gupta

-Gupta Empire was referred to as a golden age because it had relative peavlce & saw certain advances in arts & science

-Gupta mathematicians developed concept of pi,zero & Arabic numerals

-By time of Gupta Dynasty. Hinduism had become the dominant religion in India again

-Hinduism reinforced the caste system

-women were increasingly losing their rights

-women was totally under the control of Indian men & lost the rights to own or inherit property , participate I ln sacred rituals or study religion

-Child marriage (girls from six & up) became the norm during this era

-The Gupta Dynasty collapsed under pressure from the White Huns in 550 c.e

24- Marcia Ramirez: Qin Dynasty
•developed a strong economy by agriculture.
• powerful army equipped with iron weapons.
•Qin Dynasty connected separate fortification walls that became the Great Wall of China.
•Qin Shihuangdi (first emperor) recentralized various feudal kingdoms that had split at the end of Zhou Dynasty.
•Dominant belief system of The Qin rulers was legalism.
Han Dynasty
•trade thrived along the Silk Road to the Mediterranean also did Buddhism.
•Han believed that government should be highly educated.
•Chinese invented paper, accurate sundials and calendars.

25- Mediterranean- Gaby Susano

The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean

2000 B.C.E to around 500 C.E., Greece and Rome dominated the region
Western civilization began with these two empires
Babylonians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Persians, and Phoenicians laid the groundwork (Greeks and Romans left the most pervasive and obvious influence behind)
Most important contribution is the concept of representative government but the Greeks and Romans also made lasting contributions to art, architecture, literature, science, and philosophy.

Greece:

Ancient Greece was located on a peninsula between the waters of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas
Coastal positions aided trade and cultural diffusion by boat
Exchanged wine and olive products for grain
Land was tight, always looking to establish colonies abroad to ease overcrowding and gain raw materials

Social Structure and Citizenship: It takes a Polis…

Two main cities were Athens and Sparta (Athens was political, commercial, and most cultural center of Greek civilization. Sparta was an agricultural and highly militaristic region.)
Most citizens in Sparta lived a very austere, highly disciplined existence. (All boys and some of the girls received military training, which stressed equality but not individuality.)

Each Polis (city-state) was composed of three groups.

Citizens, composed of adult males, often engaged in business or commerce
Free people with no political rights
Noncitizens (slaves, who accounted for nearly one-third of the people in Athens, and who had no rights)

Athens was the first democracy.
Women held a higher status and were granted greater equality than women of other city-states
Athens did not develop immediately. They grew more powerful as the government changed from a monarchy to an aristocracy, and finally to a democracy.
Draco and Solon were aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and to ensure fair, equal, and open participation.
Slavery enabled the Greeks to develop their democracy. They were the private property of their owners. Educated/skilled slaves became craftsmen and business managers. Some owners helped slaves set up small business and then kept part of their profits. In few cases, slaves who earned and saved enough money could eventually buy their freedom.

26- Greek gods- Courtney Rasmus

: Greeks were polytheistic
Greek mythology was part of heritage
Persian wars united all greek city-states
Much of Athens was destroyed in the wars
Athens became a cultural powerhouse
Famous ancient Greeks : Socrates, Plato, Aristole
Greece entered a era of peace and prosperity “Golden Age of Percles”.
Thrived in Math and Science
Cultural achievement
Peloponnesian War in 421 B.C.E
Athens’s Navy got defeated on the island of Sicily , which changed them
Athens got invaded by the Macaedonians but respected greek culture and helped it.

27- Alexander- Cawlyn R: •Alexander the Great expanded Macedonian dominance.
•Under Alexander, they conquered the Persian Empire.
•He created the largest empire of the time.
•Alexander divided it into three empires: the Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia), the Ptolemaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)
•The Macedonian Empire adopted Greek customs and spread them.
•Much of the world became unified under law and trade customs.
•Hellenism-the culture,ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece.
•The expansion of Hellenism boosted the economies of Athens and Corinth.
•The Ptolemaic Empire was the richest.
•After Alexander the Great died, the empire began to crumble.
•The Romans began to rise.

28- Rome- Mario M:

Rome (509 B.C.E. -476 C.E. By Mario Martinez

Was well-situated
Protection in the north from the Alps and protection from the south, east and west (it was on the Italian peninsula) because of the surrounding sea .
Was a crossword
Had easy access to the rest of the world.
Were polytheistic (had more than one god)
Several of the gods were of Greek origin.
Social structure consisted of :
Patricians ; land-owning nobleman
Plebeians; all other free men
Slaves
Political structure was made up of two groups :
Senate; made up of patrician families
Assembly; made up of patricians, and later on to plebeians.
Organized as a representative republic
Was more stable than the direct democracies.
People would elect representatives to vote so that the people couldn’t have to vote on every issue .
Similar but not exact to our constitutional democracy.
Developed civil laws to protect individual rights.
Called the twelve tables of Rome
Similar to out Bill of Rights
Extended to Roman conquered territories.
The eldest male was the head of the family.
Women did have influenced within their families and could own property but were still inferior to men.
Slaves were important in the social structure of Rome.
Slaves were 1/3rd of the population
City slaves had it easier than country slaves.

29- Roman Emp- Ella P: Collapse of the Roman Republic/Rise of Imperialism

After the Punic Wars, the situations inside and around Rome was becoming unsettled.
Large landowners began using more slaves from conquered territories.
Many small farmers had to move to the city which resulted in less jobs.
Roman many lose value, which resulted ina high rate of inflation.
Power of the senate weakened which resulted in the "first triumvirate:" Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar
Caesar was given power of South Gaul and other european parts. He choose not to conquer Germany.
Civil War betweeen the Senate and Caesar's followers led to Pompey and Crassus getting thrown out. Julius Caesar became "emperor for life." He was assassinated in 44 b.c.e
After Julius' death, the "second triumvirate:" Octavius, MarcAntony, and Lepidus, came to power. Octavius changed his name to Augustus Caesar and becaememperor.
Rome is nowan empire with 1 emperor.

Pax Romana

Rome became the capitol of the western world.
Augustus established: the rule of law, common coinage, civil service, and safe travel formerchants. This resultedin stability and peace returning to the people for 200 years.
AlthoughAugustus' had officers in all his territories, that he got through war, a lot of customs of the conquered places survived. This let groups such as the Hebrews and Egyptians keeptheir cultural identites.
Art and sciencer grew during this time.
Roman peace caused arts in Rome to flourish, especially literature and architecture.
Ptolemy influenced achievements in astronomy. Roman egineers went to work on roads and quadrants.

30-CC golden ages- Rolando D

30A- Roman Relig.- Miguel M:

Religious Diversity: New Chiefs of Beliefs

During the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire, paganism was the state religion.