1. THERUSSIANREVOLUTIONARYMOVEMENT
  2. InDecemberof1925,RussianMilitaryleadersleadtheDecembristRevoltasNicholasIascendedthethrone.TheofficersdemandedaconstitutionforRussia
  3. Inthe1840's,MichaelPetrashevskyorganizedanundergroundcircleofsocialistsandradicals.
  4. Numerouscircles(kruzhki)formedaroundwellknownradicals.
  5. Inthe1860's,thefirstradicalmovementemerged:thePopulists(narodniki).
  6. Itincludedmostlyyoungpeoplefromtheuppermiddleclassandnobility.
  7. Theseyoungradicalswenttothecountrysideto “educate” thepeasantry(the “going-to-the-people” movement).
  8. In1883,GeorgePlekhanovorganizedthefirstRussianMarxistgroupinGeneva.
  9. VladamirIlichUlianovLenin(1870-1924)joinedtheMarxistsafterhisbrother'shangingin1887.
  10. Duringthe1890's,Russiaunderwentastate-sponsoredindustrializationdriveonalargescale,especiallyheavyindustry.
  11. Thedriveintensifiedmigrationofpeasantsintocities.
  12. After6yearsofmilitaryservice,mostofthesoldierswenttocitiestopursueabetterlife.
  13. 1901-02,TheSocialistRevolutionaryPartywasestablished.
  14. In1903,theRussianSocialDemocraticWorker'sPartysplitatBrussels.
  15. Plekhanov,LeonTrosky(1879-1940),andotherswantedanopenparty.(Mensheviks)
  16. Lenininsistedonacentrallyorganized,welldisciplined,andprofessionalrevolutionarygroup.(Bolsheviks)
  17. January1904,theRusso-JapaneseWarerupted(andlasteduntilAugust1905).
  18. LiketheCrimeanwar,itwasdisastrous.ItexposedRussiansweakness.
  19. Sunday,January9,1905,apeacefuldemonstrationwasorganizedwithawrittenpetitionfortheTsar.
  20. Officershastilyshotintothecrowd.
  21. Thedaybecameknownas“BloodySunday.”
  22. ItshatteredthepeasantmythsthattheTsarcaresforhispeople.
  23. Itisnotablethatthereweremanywomenpresent.
  24. October17,1905,NicholasIIissuedtheOctoberManifesto,whichpromisedaconstitutionforRussia,alegislativebody,andpoliticalfreedom.
  25. Herenegedontheconstitution
  26. HeallowedthecreationoftheDuma(LegislativeAssembly),butwithlimitedpowers.
  27. TheDumacouldnotissuelawswithoutTsar'sapproval
  28. October1905,theConstitutionalDemocracticParty(Liberals)wasorganized.
  1. TheRUSSIANREVOLUTION:THEYEAR1917
  2. TheGreatWarwasdisastrousforRussia.
  3. Soldiersshottheirofficersandwalkedhome.
  4. Therewasafuelcrisisduringthewar.
  5. Russialostatotalof14millionmen.
  6. OntheInternationalDayofWomen,February23(March8),1917,womenofPetrogradwenttothestreetsdemandingfoodandfuel.
  7. Policeandsoldiersjoinedthedemonstrators.
  8. NicholasIIabdicatedMarch2(15)
  9. RevolutionwaswelcomedbyEuropeandUnitedStates.
  10. FormermembersoftheDumametandformedtheProvisionalGovernment.Pressingissueswere:
  11. Landdistribution:Peasantswerealreadytakinglandfortheirown,burningtheestates,andevenkillinglandowners.
  12. Russia'sparticipationinthewar:TheProvisionalGovernmentwasscaredtopulloutofthewar,becausetheywouldbeprecludedfromwarspoils.
  13. Elections:scheduledforNovember1917,toelectrepresentativesforConstituentAssembly.
  14. Duringthespringof1917,soviets(Russianforcommitteeorcouncil)ofworkersandofpeasantswerebeingcreatedalloverthecountry.
  15. OnMarch1,1917,thePetrogradSovietissuedOrderNo.1demanding
  16. thattheProvisionalGovernmentrecognizeit
  17. consultitonallpressingissues:
  18. democratizationofthearmy
  19. limitthedisciplinarypowersofofficers
  20. ThePetrogradSovietseriouslyunderminedtheProvisionalgovernment
  21. Duringthistime,Sovietleaderswerestillinexile
  22. StalinwasinSiberia
  23. LeninwasinSwitzerland
  24. TheGermangovernmenttransportedLenintoRussia.
  25. LeninarrivedtoPetrogradonApril3.
  26. He issued his April Theses demanding an end to the war.
  27. Advocated for the end of the Provisional Government.
  28. “All power to the Soviets”
  29. During the summer of 1917, the Provisional Government caused more anger among the people.
  30. Ordered the Petrograd garrison to launch an offensive against the Germans.
  31. Soldiers called for an immediate overthrow of the Provisional Government.
  32. Lenin tried to calm everyone down, and prevented a disorderly revolution.
  33. There were epic food and fuel shortages.
  34. On October 17, “History will not forgive us if we do not take power now” -Lenin
  35. On October 23, Trotsky masterminded a bloodless coup that ousted the Provisional Government during the night.
  36. The new Government was named Sovnarkom.
  37. On March 3, 1918, the Bolsheviks signed the Brest-Litovsk treaty that ended German aggression against Russia.
  38. The summer of 1918 brought Civil War.
  39. The Red Army was based on the remnants of the Military Revolutionary Gaurd.
  40. The White Army was the conglomeration of all other factions.
  41. The Bolshevik government enacted special legislation called War Communism.
  42. Nationalized banks, transportation, industry, so forth.
  43. Moved away from money to bartering for goods.
  44. Implemented coercion when exhortation and persuasion failed
  45. Placed schools, media, and other educational and cultural venues under Party.
  46. 1921-1925, the New Economic Policy
  47. Designed to revive a war torn country.
  48. Definite tax
  49. Legalization of internal trade
  50. Allowed former owners of factories to resume the running of industrial enterprises.